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The lateral or orbital surface is divided by a vertical ridge, the posterior lacrimal crest, into two parts. In front of this crest is a longitudinal groove, the lacrimal sulcus ( sulcus lacrimalis ), the inner margin of which unites with the frontal process of the maxilla , and the lacrimal fossa is thus completed.
An orbital blowout fracture is a traumatic deformity of the orbital floor or medial wall that typically results from the impact of a blunt object larger than the orbital aperture, or eye socket. [1] Most commonly this results in a herniation of orbital contents through the orbital fractures. [ 1 ]
The Le Fort III fracture (transverse fracture) occurs at the level of the skull base, resulting in complete craniofacial separation of the midface from the base of the skull. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The fracture line extends through the zygomatic arch , the pterygoid plates , the lateral and medial orbital walls , the nasal bones , and the nasal septum .
Fracture of the maxilla: Le Fort fracture, zygomatic fracture, orbital blowout; Fracture of the mandible; Trauma injuries involving the alveolus can be complicated as it does not happen in isolation, very often presents along with other types of tooth tissue injuries. Signs of dentoalveolar fracture: Change to occlusion
The superior orbital fissure is divided into 3 parts from lateral to medial: [citation needed] Lateral part transmits: superior ophthalmic vein, lacrimal nerve, frontal nerve, trochlear nerve (CN IV), recurrent meningeal branch of lacrimal artery (anastomotic branch of lacrimal artery with the middle meningeal artery)
Since mandible fractures are usually the result of blunt force trauma to the head and face, other injuries need to be considered before the mandible fracture. First and foremost is compromise of the airway. While rare, bilateral mandible fractures that are unstable can cause the tongue to fall back and block the airway.
The temporomandibular ligament constrains the mandible as it opens, keeping the condyloid process close to the joint. [2] It prevents posterior displacement of the mandible. It also prevents the condyloid process from being driven upward by a blow to the jaw, which would otherwise fracture the base of the skull.
Most fractures here are caused by strokes (contusion or penetrating injuries). [2] Conservative management of minor fractures can lead to trismus (lockjaw) that can later only be corrected by removing the coronoid process. [1] For serious fractures, a surgery involving open reduction and internal fixation can have good outcomes. [1]