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Strings can be either open or closed. A closed string is a string that has no end-points, and therefore is topologically equivalent to a circle. An open string, on the other hand, has two end-points and is topologically equivalent to a line interval. Not all string theories contain open strings, but every theory must contain closed strings, as ...
The hyphen-minus symbol -is the form of hyphen most commonly used in digital documents. On most keyboards, it is the only character that resembles a minus sign or a dash so it is also used for these. [1] The name hyphen-minus derives from the original ASCII standard, [2] where it was called hyphen (minus). [3]
In some styles, minus signs are represented using an en dash instead of a minus sign or a hyphen. This is not done in Wikipedia. In math formulas a hyphen-minus codes for a minus sign, but in text − produces the minus sign (see below). En dash ("–", MOS:ENDASH) are slightly longer than hyphens. They are used: in date ranges, such as ...
The hyphen-minus symbol (-) is the form of hyphen most commonly used in digital documents. On most keyboards, it is the only character that resembles a minus sign or a dash so it is also used for these. [27] The name hyphen-minus derives from the original ASCII standard, [28] where it was called hyphen–(minus). [29]
One particle: N particles: One dimension ^ = ^ + = + ^ = = ^ + (,,) = = + (,,) where the position of particle n is x n. = + = = +. (,) = /.There is a further restriction — the solution must not grow at infinity, so that it has either a finite L 2-norm (if it is a bound state) or a slowly diverging norm (if it is part of a continuum): [1] ‖ ‖ = | |.
Thomae's function: is a function that is continuous at all irrational numbers and discontinuous at all rational numbers. It is also a modification of Dirichlet function and sometimes called Riemann function. Kronecker delta function: is a function of two variables, usually integers, which is 1 if they are equal, and 0 otherwise.
The use of hyphens as a substitute for dashes is substandard in English Wikipedia; see MOS:HYPHEN. The hyphen-minus is used as a minus sign in computer programming languages, and in math mode, but in text, the proper typographical symbol for negation or subtraction is the minus sign, available in the "Special characters" dropdown of the edit ...
arcosech – inverse hyperbolic cosecant function. (Also written as arcsch.) arcosh – inverse hyperbolic cosine function. arcoth – inverse hyperbolic cotangent function. arcsch – inverse hyperbolic cosecant function. (Also written as arcosech.) arcsec – inverse secant function. arcsin – inverse sine function. arctan – inverse ...