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2. Bertrand's ballot theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand's_ballot_theorem

   In combinatorics, Bertrand's ballot problem is the question: "In an election where candidate A receives p votes and candidate B receives q votes with p > q, what is the probability that A will be strictly ahead of B throughout the count under the assumption that votes are counted in a randomly picked order?" The answer is

3. Secretary problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_problem

   The secretary problem demonstrates a scenario involving optimal stopping theory [1] [2] that is studied extensively in the fields of applied probability, statistics, and decision theory. It is also known as the marriage problem , the sultan's dowry problem , the fussy suitor problem , the googol game , and the best choice problem .

4. Bayes' theorem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes'_theorem

   Price edited [3] Bayes's major work "An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances" (1763), which appeared in Philosophical Transactions, [4] and contains Bayes' theorem. Price wrote an introduction to the paper that provides some of the philosophical basis of Bayesian statistics and chose one of the two solutions Bayes offered ...

5. Law of total probability - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_probability

   The term law of total probability is sometimes taken to mean the law of alternatives, which is a special case of the law of total probability applying to discrete random variables. [ citation needed ] One author uses the terminology of the "Rule of Average Conditional Probabilities", [ 4 ] while another refers to it as the "continuous law of ...

6. Coupon collector's problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupon_collector's_problem

   In probability theory, the coupon collector's problem refers to mathematical analysis of "collect all coupons and win" contests. It asks the following question: if each box of a given product (e.g., breakfast cereals) contains a coupon, and there are n different types of coupons, what is the probability that more than t boxes need to be bought ...

7. Buffon's needle problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffon's_needle_problem

   The short-needle problem can also be solved without any integration, in a way that explains the formula for p from the geometric fact that a circle of diameter t will cross the distance t strips always (i.e. with probability 1) in exactly two spots. This solution was given by Joseph-Émile Barbier in 1860 [5] and is also referred to as "Buffon ...