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Bootstrap (formerly Twitter Bootstrap) is a free and open-source CSS framework directed at responsive, mobile-first front-end web development. It contains HTML , CSS and (optionally) JavaScript -based design templates for typography , forms , buttons , navigation , and other interface components.
The first comprehensive draft of a grid layout for CSS was created by Phil Cupp at Microsoft in 2011 and implemented in Internet Explorer 10 behind a -ms-vendor prefix.The syntax was restructured and further refined through several iterations in the CSS Working Group, led primarily by Elika Etemad and Tab Atkins Jr.
Two notable and widely used examples are Bootstrap and Foundation. CSS frameworks offer different modules and tools: reset style sheet; grid especially for responsive web design; web typography; set of icons in sprites or icon fonts; styling for tooltips, buttons, elements of forms
This library is used for developing responsive web and mobile applications. [4] Some developers consider jQWidgets one of the top alternatives to the open-source jQuery UI. [5] [6] [7] Some notable users of jQWidgets include Green Card Program USA, the French citizen portal Vie-publique.fr, [8] the University of Iowa [9] and the University of ...
From the late 2000s onward, the intensive use of the Web by mobile agents motivated "liquid layouts" and responsive elements for the growing variety of screen sizes. [5] In the 2010s, the intensive use of popular JavaScript layout frameworks, such as Bootstrap, inspired CSS flex-box and grid layout specifications. [6]
Bootstrap Studio was launched on October 19, 2015 with a post on Product Hunt where it reached number 4 in the Product of the Day category. [5] Version 2.0 of the software was released on January 22, 2016 and brought JavaScript editing, multi-page support and improved the CSS support. [6] Version 4.0 was launched on November 1, 2017.
Foundation is a free responsive front-end framework, providing a responsive grid and HTML and CSS UI components, templates, and code snippets, including typography, forms, buttons, navigation and other interface elements, as well as optional functionality provided by JavaScript extensions.
Luke Wroblewski has summarized some of the RWD and mobile design challenges and created a catalog of multi-device layout patterns. [15] [16] [17] He suggested that, compared with a simple HWD approach [clarification needed], device experience or RESS (responsive web design with server-side components) approaches can provide a user experience that is better optimized for mobile devices.