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The congenital heart block (CHB) is the heart block that is diagnosed in fetus or within the first 28 days after birth [1] [4] (neonatal period), some studies also include the diagnosis during early childhood to the definition of CHB. [5]
Symptoms usually include one or more of the following: orthopnea (difficulty breathing while lying flat), dyspnea (shortness of breath) on exertion, pitting edema (swelling), cough, frequent night-time urination, excessive weight gain during the last month of pregnancy (1-2+ kg/week; two to four or more pounds per week), palpitations (sensation of racing heart-rate, skipping beats, long pauses ...
Cardiotocography sound Schematic explanation of cardiotocography: heart rate (A) is calculated from fetal heart motion determined by ultrasound, and uterine contractions are measured by a tocodynamometer (B). These numbers are represented on a time scale with the help of a running piece of paper, producing a graphical representation.
A contraction stress test (CST) is performed near the end of pregnancy (34 weeks' gestation) to determine how well the fetus will cope with the contractions of childbirth. The aim is to induce contractions and monitor the fetus to check for heart rate abnormalities using a cardiotocograph. A CST is one type of antenatal fetal surveillance ...
SA blocks rarely give severe symptoms, because even if an individual had complete block at this level of the conduction system (which is uncommon), the secondary pacemaker of the heart would be at the AV node, which would fire at 40 to 60 beats a minute, which is enough to retain consciousness in the resting state. However SA block is capable ...
Heart block can be managed in utero if diagnosed during pregnancy. Complete heart block (CHB) carries a 9-25% risk of fetal demise; once it has onset, most children will require a pacemaker, and they face the possibility of developing heart failure due to CHB-related cardiomyopathy. [10]
Pregnancy puts women at higher risk for stroke, especially in the last month before delivery and the first six weeks after giving birth, according to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute.
Women with velamentous cord insertion may not experience any symptoms throughout pregnancy. [16] During delivery, there may be slow or abnormal fetal heart rate patterns [ 3 ] [ 10 ] [ 19 ] and there may be excessive bleeding or hemorrhage, particularly if the fetal vessels rupture.
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