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A graben is a section of crust that has lowered relative to the blocks on either side, which is a result of its bounding faults dipping towards each other. [2] The plural of graben can be either graben or grabens. Graben form low-lying features such as basins and rift valleys. [1] [2] They can be very long relative to their width.
Graben often occur side by side with horsts. Horst and graben structures indicate tensional forces and crustal stretching. Graben are produced from parallel normal faults, where the displacement of the hanging wall is downward, while that of the footwall is upward. The faults typically dip toward the center of the graben from both sides.
Lifted type block mountains have two steep sides exposing both sides scarps, leading to the horst and graben terrain seen in various parts of Europe including the Upper Rhine valley, a graben between two horsts – the Vosges mountains (in France) and the Black Forest (in Germany), and also the Rila – Rhodope Massif in Bulgaria, Southeast ...
In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults. [1] Horsts are typically found together with grabens . While a horst is lifted or remains stationary, the grabens on either side subside . [ 2 ]
With crustal extension, a series of normal faults which occur in groups, form in close proximity and dipping in opposite directions. [4] As the crust extends it fractures in series of fault planes, some blocks sink down due to gravity, creating long linear valleys or basins also known as grabens, while the blocks remaining up or uplifted produce mountains or ranges, also known as horsts.
This uplift caused massive crustal extension leading to horst and graben structures associated with normal, extensional, faults. The uplift ended in collapse around 25 Mya into the Afar depression covering more than 200,000 km 2 (77,000 sq mi) and spreading at a rate of 6 to 17 millimetres per year (0.24 to 0.67 in/year).
Fault-Horst-Graben-ar.svg This is a retouched picture , which means that it has been digitally altered from its original version. Modifications: Redraw of pixel (jpg) image as vector (svg) .
Diagram showing development of thrust-bounded horses within a thrust duplex A horse sits between the walls of this normal fault located near Upheaval Dome, Utah.The fault plane traces from the upper right to the lower left of the image.