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The craniocervical junction region comprises C1 (atlas), C2 (axis) and the lower part of the skull: occipital bone. [19] In case of tumor : chordoma , in the craniocervical junction region, this leads to pressure on the cervical spinal nerves , which results in their improper functioning of the cervical spinal nerves.
Craniocervical instability is more common in people with a connective tissue disease, including Ehlers-Danlos syndromes, [1] osteogenesis imperfecta, and rheumatoid arthritis. [2] It is frequently co-morbid with atlanto-axial joint instability, Chiari malformation , [ 3 ] or tethered spinal cord syndrome .
A study using upright MRI found cerebellar tonsillar ectopia in 23% of adults with headache from motor-vehicle-accident head trauma. Upright MRI was more than twice as sensitive as standard MRI, likely because gravity affects cerebellar position. [22] Cases of congenital Chiari malformation may be explained by evolutionary and genetic factors.
Craniocervical junction misalignment is also suspected as a factor in neurodegenerative diseases where altered CSF flow plays a part in the pathological process. Hyperextension (Whiplash) Injury A rear-end traffic collision or a poorly performed rugby tackle can both result in the head being whipped back on the shoulders, causing whiplash.
One study found that male German Shepherd Dogs with a lumbosacral transitional vertebra are at greater risk for cauda equina syndrome, which can cause rear limb weakness and incontinence. [ 10 ] The significance of transitional vertebrae has been questioned by one study finding similar prevalence in the general population as those with low back ...
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Cold shock response is a series of neurogenic cardio-respiratory responses caused by sudden immersion in cold water.. In cold water immersions, such as by falling through thin ice, cold shock response is perhaps the most common cause of death. [1]
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