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Mountain Pine Beetle carry the spores of at least 2 known blue stain fungi species, Ophiostoma clavigerum and Ophiostoma montium. [2] These spores are carried on the exoskeleton of the beetles from one tree to another and aid the insects in overcoming defence mechanisms of different pine species.
Mountain pine beetles can damage whole regions of forest. Mountain pine beetles affect pine trees by laying eggs under the bark. The beetles introduce blue stain fungus into the sapwood that prevents the tree from repelling and killing the attacking beetles with tree pitch flow. The fungus also blocks water and nutrient transport within the tree.
Spalting is divided into three main types: pigmentation, white rot, and zone lines.Spalted wood may exhibit one or all of these types in varying degrees. Both hardwoods and softwoods can spalt, but zone lines and white rot are more commonly found on hardwoods due to enzymatic differences in white rotting fungi.
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The bleaches used to remove unwanted fungal stains from wood include two-part peroxide bleach and solutions of sodium hypochlorite. [27] The former is particularly effective at removing the natural colour of wood before it is recoloured with pigmented stains or dyes. [27] Oxalic acid is particularly effective at removing iron stains from wood. [27]
Dec 28, 2024; Foxborough, Massachusetts, USA; New England Patriots linebacker Anfernee Jennings (33) on the sideline as they take on the Los Angeles Chargers in the second half at Gillette Stadium.