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The ard, ard plough, [1] or scratch plough [2] is a simple light plough without a mouldboard. It is symmetrical on either side of its line of draft and is fitted with ...
Aratrum is the Latin word for ard, and arotron (ἄροτρον) is the Greek word. The Greeks appear to have had several kinds of ard from the records. Hesiod advised the farmer to always have two ards handy, so that if one broke the other could replace it. These ards should be of two kinds.
Ard or plough-marks on a boulder in a clearance cairn Ard-marks on a boulder in a clearance cairn at Eglinton Country Park A clearance cairn formed using mechanised extraction A recent clearance cairn devoid of lichen and moss growth. Cairns may be discrete, in large groups (cairnfields) or as linear formations—linear cairns.
A plough or plow (both pronounced / p l aʊ /) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. [1] Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses but modern ploughs are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or steel frame with a blade attached to cut and loosen the soil.
The hoe-cultivation belt is mostly located in tropical latitudes, including Sub-Saharan Africa (but not the Horn of Africa, where the plough appears to have been introduced via Egypt), Maritime Southeast Asia, and the pre-Columbian Americas. [2] Hoe-farming often coincides with long fallow systems and shifting cultivation. Split hoes (also ...
The sokha adapts the body ard to a single-animal harness following the pattern of a shaft-drawn cart and adds a spade-like component that turned over the soil. (On ploughs the curved mouldboard both cuts and turns the soil.) Other design features can vary depending on local building custom.
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The scratch plough tended to create square fields because the field was ploughed twice, the second time at right angles to the first. By contrast, the carruca was most efficient in oblong paddocks. Because this pattern conflicted with traditional ownership arrangements, the carruca was probably most often used when breaking uncultivated ground.