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A liver shunt in dogs, also known as a portosystemic shunt (PSS), is a condition where blood bypasses the liver. Usually, blood from the digestive tract will flow through the liver before ...
Hepatic microvascular dysplasia (HMD or MVD) or portal atresia is a disorder where mixing of venous blood and arterial blood in the liver occurs at the microscopic level. It occurs most commonly in certain dog breeds such as the Cairn and Yorkshire terriers although any dog breed may be at risk. [1] [2] [3] This disease may also be found in cats.
A portosystemic shunt or portasystemic shunt (medical subject heading term; PSS), also known as a liver shunt, is a bypass of the liver by the body's circulatory system.It can be either a congenital (present at birth) or acquired condition and occurs in humans as well as in other species of animals.
All forms of portosystemic shunts produce various neurological, gastrointestinal, and urinary symptoms. [3]Symptoms of congenital PSS usually appear by six months of age [4] and include failure to gain weight, vomiting, and signs of hepatic encephalopathy (a condition where toxins normally removed by the liver accumulate in the blood and impair the function of brain cells) such as seizures ...
Medicare Part D, also called the Medicare prescription drug benefit, is an optional United States federal-government program to help Medicare beneficiaries pay for self-administered prescription drugs. [1] Part D was enacted as part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 and went into effect on January 1, 2006. Under the program, drug ...
Lactulose is a non-absorbable sugar used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] It is administered orally for constipation, and either orally or rectally for hepatic encephalopathy . [ 3 ]
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