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The high probability instruction (HPI) treatment is a behaviorist treatment based on the idea of positive reinforcement. It consists of the idea of reinforcing an instruction with a low probability of compliance by using the reinforcement of an instruction with a high probability.
The questionnaire is quite brief with 25 questions and, depending on the version, a few questions about how the child is affected by the difficulties in their everyday life. [1] Versions of it are available for use for no fee. The combination of its brevity and noncommercial distribution have made it popular among clinicians and researchers.
The questionnaire takes about 10 minutes to complete and is designed for use with children and young adults ages 6–18. [2] The questionnaire is currently in its 4th version, and its scores have shown good reliability and validity across multiple different study samples. [3]
The 86-item questionnaire has separate forms for parents and teachers, and typically takes 10–15 minutes to administer and 15–20 minutes to score. Other versions of the BRIEF also exist for preschool children aged 2–5 (BRIEF-P), self-reports of adolescents aged 11–18 (BRIEF-SR), and self/informant-reports of adults aged 18–90 (BRIEF-A).
For Verbal Items, the child answers questions that address a broad range of general knowledge topics. Matrix Reasoning - the child looks at an incomplete matrix and selects the missing portion from 4 or 5 response options. Bug Search - the child uses an ink dauber to mark the image of a bug in the search group that matches the target bug.
There is some overlap between tests: children aged 6 years 0 months through 7 years 7 months can complete the WPPSI or the WISC; children aged 16 can complete the WISC-V or the WAIS-IV. Different floor effect and ceiling effect can be achieved using the different tests, allowing for a greater understanding of the child's abilities or deficits.
John Johnson and Maples et al. have developed a few 120-question versions based on IPIP questions. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Very short (5 items each) IPIP-based analogues to the NEO PI-R scales are also part of the Analog for Multiple Broadband Inventories, [ 30 ] an inventory designed to approximate a large number of different personality scales with a ...
Following the need for further investigation, Nancy Bayley conducted a related experiment in which the reliability of her revised scale of mental and motor development during the first year of life was tested, which yielded the following results: (1) Mental Scale items with high tester-observer and high test-retest reliabilities deal with ...