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  2. Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu

    This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Hindi and Urdu on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Hindi and Urdu in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them.

  3. Hindustani phonology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_phonology

    Hindustani does not distinguish between [v] and [w], specifically Hindi. These are distinct phonemes in English, but conditional allophones of the phoneme /ʋ/ in Hindustani (written व in Hindi or و in Urdu), meaning that contextual rules determine when it is pronounced as [v] and when it is pronounced as [w].

  4. Vellum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vellum

    Paper vellum has also become extremely important in hand or chemical reproduction technology for dissemination of plan copies. Like a high-quality traditional vellum, paper vellum could be produced thin enough to be virtually transparent to strong light, enabling a source drawing to be used directly in the reproduction of field-used drawings. [24]

  5. Limp binding - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limp_binding

    Limp binding of an incunable, made of vellum with broken book clasp of the 15th century. Limp binding is a bookbinding method in which the book has flexible cloth, leather, vellum, or (rarely) paper sides. [1] When the sides of the book are made of vellum, the bookbinding method is also known as limp vellum. [2]

  6. Manuscriptology - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscriptology

    Vellum and parchment - typical writing materials used in the European codex - are not used in India since leather - the material used for vellum and parchment - is considered impure in Indian traditions.

  7. Hindustani language - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_language

    Early forms of present-day Hindustani developed from the Middle Indo-Aryan apabhraṃśa vernaculars of present-day North India in the 7th–13th centuries. [35] [40] Hindustani emerged as a contact language around the Ganges-Yamuna Doab (Delhi, Meerut and Saharanpur), a result of the increasing linguistic diversity that occurred during the Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent.

  8. Klaf - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaf

    The Talmudic definition includes both the form of the skin and the way it is processed, in particular, that it must be tanned. Since the innovative ruling of Rabbeinu Tam (12th century Tosafist) it is primarily used to refer to parchment or vellum. It is one of the materials upon which a sofer writes certain Jewish liturgical and ritual documents.

  9. Hindi–Urdu transliteration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi–Urdu_transliteration

    In addition to Hindi-Urdu, there have been attempts to design Indo-Pakistani transliteration systems for digraphic languages like Sindhi (written in extended Perso-Arabic in Sindh of Pakistan and in Devanagari by Sindhis in partitioned India), Punjabi (written in Gurmukhi in East Punjab and Shahmukhi in West Punjab), Saraiki (written in ...