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  2. Velocity potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velocity_potential

    A velocity potential is not unique. If ϕ is a velocity potential, then ϕ + f(t) is also a velocity potential for u, where f(t) is a scalar function of time and can be constant. Velocity potentials are unique up to a constant, or a function solely of the temporal variable. The Laplacian of a velocity potential is equal to the divergence of the ...

  3. Liénard–Wiechert potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liénard–Wiechert_potential

    The Liénard–Wiechert potentials describe the classical electromagnetic effect of a moving electric point charge in terms of a vector potential and a scalar potential in the Lorenz gauge. Stemming directly from Maxwell's equations , these describe the complete, relativistically correct, time-varying electromagnetic field for a point charge in ...

  4. Scalar potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scalar_potential

    The scalar potential is an example of a scalar field. Given a vector field F, the scalar potential P is defined such that: [1] = = (,,), where ∇P is the gradient of P and the second part of the equation is minus the gradient for a function of the Cartesian coordinates x, y, z. [a] In some cases, mathematicians may use a positive sign in front ...

  5. Retarded time - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarded_time

    Position vectors r and r′ used in the calculation. Retarded time t r or t′ is calculated with a "speed-distance-time" calculation for EM fields.. If the EM field is radiated at position vector r′ (within the source charge distribution), and an observer at position r measures the EM field at time t, the time delay for the field to travel from the charge distribution to the observer is |r ...

  6. Metric tensor (general relativity) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_tensor_(general...

    The metric captures all the geometric and causal structure of spacetime, being used to define notions such as time, distance, volume, curvature, angle, and separation of the future and the past. In general relativity, the metric tensor plays the role of the gravitational potential in the classical theory of gravitation, although the physical ...

  7. Retarded potential - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retarded_potential

    Position vectors r and r′ used in the calculation. The starting point is Maxwell's equations in the potential formulation using the Lorenz gauge: =, = where φ(r, t) is the electric potential and A(r, t) is the magnetic vector potential, for an arbitrary source of charge density ρ(r, t) and current density J(r, t), and is the D'Alembert operator. [2]

  8. Four-momentum - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-momentum

    To calculate δds, ... where φ is the scalar potential and A = (A x, A y, A z) the vector potential, the ... is the time component of four-velocity of particles; ...

  9. Equations of motion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equations_of_motion

    Trajectory of a particle with initial position vector r 0 and velocity v 0, subject to constant acceleration a, all three quantities in any direction, and the position r(t) and velocity v(t) after time t. The initial position, initial velocity, and acceleration vectors need not be collinear, and the equations of motion take an almost identical ...