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Roman milestone in modern Austria (AD 201), indicating a distance of 28 Roman miles (~41 km) to Teurnia. The basic unit of Roman linear measurement was the pes (plural: pedes) or Roman foot. Investigation of its relation to the English foot goes back at least to 1647, when John Greaves published his Discourse on the Romane foot.
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Allegory of measurement, the decempeda is under the woman's feet with Xs marking the feet subdivisions (by Giovanni Zaratino Castellini , 17th century) The pertica (from Latin: pertica, measuring rod [1]) was a pre-metric unit of either length or area, with the values varying by location. For a similar unit in Northern Europe, see perch.
This corresponds to a well-stacked woodpile, 4 feet deep by 4 feet high by 8 feet wide (122 cm × 122 cm × 244 cm), or any other arrangement of linear measurements that yields the same volume. A more unusual measurement for firewood is the "rick" or face cord.
The square actus is bounded by 120 feet each way: when doubled it forms a iugerum, and it has derived the name iugerum from the fact that it was formed by joining. [5] In Gaul, half of a jugerum was called an arepennis (“head of a furrow”). It was the measure of a plowed furrow before the plowman turned the plow to cut a new parallel furrow.
Roman cyathus: oxybaphon ὀξυβαφον: 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 kyathoi 68.2 mL (2.31 US fl oz; 2.40 imp fl oz) Roman acetabulum: kotylē or hēmina κοτύλη, ἡμίνα: 6 kyathoi 272.8 mL (9.22 US fl oz; 9.60 imp fl oz) Roman cotyla or hemina: xestēs ξέστης: 12 kyathoi 545.5 mL (1.153 US pt; 0.960 imp pt) Roman sextarius: choinix ...
Coin of Pescennius Niger, a Roman usurper who claimed imperial power AD 193–194. Legend: IMP CAES C PESC NIGER IVST AVG. While the imperial government of the Roman Empire was rarely called into question during its five centuries in the west and fifteen centuries in the east, individual emperors often faced unending challenges in the form of usurpation and perpetual civil wars. [30]
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