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In physical chemistry and chemical engineering, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. Often, it refers specifically to the value of the extent of reaction when equilibrium has been reached.
Functions that maximize or minimize functionals may be found using the Euler–Lagrange equation of the calculus of variations. A simple example of such a problem is to find the curve of shortest length connecting two points. If there are no constraints, the solution is a straight line between the points. However, if the curve is constrained to ...
In organic chemistry, functionality is often used as a synonym for functional group. For example, a hydroxyl group can also be called a HO-function. [1] [2] Functionalisation means the introduction of functional groups, for example the functionalisation of a surface [3] (e.g. silanization for the specific modification of the adhesion of a surface)
Theoretical chemistry requires quantities from core physics, such as time, volume, temperature, and pressure.But the highly quantitative nature of physical chemistry, in a more specialized way than core physics, uses molar amounts of substance rather than simply counting numbers; this leads to the specialized definitions in this article.
A function is a semivariogram if and only if it is a conditionally negative definite function, i.e. for all weights , …, subject to = = and locations , …, it holds: ∑ i = 1 N ∑ j = 1 N w i γ ( s i , s j ) w j ≤ 0 {\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{N}\sum _{j=1}^{N}w_{i}\gamma (\mathbf {s} _{i},\mathbf {s} _{j})w_{j}\leq 0}
For example, if a pilot pushes forward on the stick, speeding up as the plane dives, an uncompensated variometer only indicates that altitude is being lost. But the pilot could pull back on the stick, trading the extra speed for altitude again. A compensated variometer uses both speed and altitude to indicate the change in total energy.
In thermodynamics, an activity coefficient is a factor used to account for deviation of a mixture of chemical substances from ideal behaviour. [1] In an ideal mixture, the microscopic interactions between each pair of chemical species are the same (or macroscopically equivalent, the enthalpy change of solution and volume variation in mixing is zero) and, as a result, properties of the mixtures ...
Volume percent is the concentration of a certain solute, measured by volume, in a solution.It has as a denominator the volume of the mixture itself, as usual for expressions of concentration, [2] rather than the total of all the individual components’ volumes prior to mixing: