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  2. Secure Hash Algorithms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Hash_Algorithms

    SHA-1: A 160-bit hash function which resembles the earlier MD5 algorithm. This was designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) to be part of the Digital Signature Algorithm . Cryptographic weaknesses were discovered in SHA-1, and the standard was no longer approved for most cryptographic uses after 2010.

  3. Merkle–Damgård construction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkle–Damgård_construction

    In cryptography, the Merkle–Damgård construction or Merkle–Damgård hash function is a method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions from collision-resistant one-way compression functions. [1]: 145 This construction was used in the design of many popular hash algorithms such as MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2.

  4. SHA-1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1

    It was withdrawn by the NSA shortly after publication and was superseded by the revised version, published in 1995 in FIPS PUB 180-1 and commonly designated SHA-1. SHA-1 differs from SHA-0 only by a single bitwise rotation in the message schedule of its compression function. According to the NSA, this was done to correct a flaw in the original ...

  5. List of hash functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hash_functions

    HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE-512: 512 bits HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE2s: up to 256 bits HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE2b: up to 512 bits HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE2X: arbitrary HAIFA structure, [17] extendable-output functions (XOFs) design [18] BLAKE3: arbitrary Merkle tree: ECOH: 224 to 512 bits hash FSB: 160 to 512 bits hash GOST: 256 bits hash ...

  6. Template:Comparison of SHA functions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Comparison_of_SHA...

    Algorithm and variant Output size (bits) Internal state size (bits) Block size (bits) Rounds Operations Security against collision attacks (bits) Security against length extension attacks (bits) Performance on Skylake (median cpb) [1] First published Long messages 8 bytes MD5 (as reference) 128: 128 (4 × 32) 512: 4 (16 operations in each round)

  7. Avalanche effect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche_effect

    In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers [1] and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip).

  8. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

    It was withdrawn by the NSA shortly after publication and was superseded by the revised version, published in 1995 in FIPS PUB 180-1 and commonly designated SHA-1. Collisions against the full SHA-1 algorithm can be produced using the shattered attack and the hash function should be considered broken. SHA-1 produces a hash digest of 160 bits (20 ...

  9. Hash collision - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hash_collision

    Although hash algorithms, especially cryptographic hash algorithms, have been created with the intent of being collision resistant, they can still sometimes map different data to the same hash (by virtue of the pigeonhole principle). Malicious users can take advantage of this to mimic, access, or alter data.