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SHA-1: A 160-bit hash function which resembles the earlier MD5 algorithm. This was designed by the National Security Agency (NSA) to be part of the Digital Signature Algorithm . Cryptographic weaknesses were discovered in SHA-1, and the standard was no longer approved for most cryptographic uses after 2010.
In cryptography, the Merkle–Damgård construction or Merkle–Damgård hash function is a method of building collision-resistant cryptographic hash functions from collision-resistant one-way compression functions. [1]: 145 This construction was used in the design of many popular hash algorithms such as MD5, SHA-1, and SHA-2.
It was withdrawn by the NSA shortly after publication and was superseded by the revised version, published in 1995 in FIPS PUB 180-1 and commonly designated SHA-1. SHA-1 differs from SHA-0 only by a single bitwise rotation in the message schedule of its compression function. According to the NSA, this was done to correct a flaw in the original ...
A common use of one-way compression functions is in the Merkle–Damgård construction inside cryptographic hash functions. Most widely used hash functions, including MD5, SHA-1 (which is deprecated [2]) and SHA-2 use this construction. A hash function must be able to process an arbitrary-length message into a fixed-length output.
Algorithm and variant Output size (bits) Internal state size (bits) Block size (bits) Rounds Operations Security against collision attacks (bits) Security against length extension attacks (bits) Performance on Skylake (median cpb) [1] First published Long messages 8 bytes MD5 (as reference) 128: 128 (4 × 32) 512: 4 (16 operations in each round)
HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE-512: 512 bits HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE2s: up to 256 bits HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE2b: up to 512 bits HAIFA structure [17] BLAKE2X: arbitrary HAIFA structure, [17] extendable-output functions (XOFs) design [18] BLAKE3: arbitrary Merkle tree: ECOH: 224 to 512 bits hash FSB: 160 to 512 bits hash GOST: 256 bits hash ...
In cryptography, the avalanche effect is the desirable property of cryptographic algorithms, typically block ciphers [1] and cryptographic hash functions, wherein if an input is changed slightly (for example, flipping a single bit), the output changes significantly (e.g., half the output bits flip).
Nodes and keys are assigned an -bit identifier using consistent hashing.The SHA-1 algorithm is the base hashing function for consistent hashing. Consistent hashing is integral to the robustness and performance of Chord because both keys and nodes (in fact, their IP addresses) are uniformly distributed in the same identifier space with a negligible possibility of collision.