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These differences are interpreted as a kind of bias. Mathematically, the spectrum bias is a sampling bias and not a traditional statistical bias; this has led some authors to refer to the phenomenon as spectrum effects, [3] whilst others maintain it is a bias if the true performance of the test differs from that which is 'expected'. [2]
Spectrum bias arises from evaluating diagnostic tests on biased patient samples, leading to an overestimate of the sensitivity and specificity of the test. For example, a high prevalence of disease in a study population increases positive predictive values, which will cause a bias between the prediction values and the real ones. [4]
This phenomenon is referred to as the frequency principle (F-Principle) by Zhi-Qin John Xu et al. [1] [2] or spectral bias by Nasim Rahaman et al. [3] The F-Principle can be robustly observed in DNNs, regardless of overparametrization. A key mechanism of the F-Principle is that the regularity of the activation function translates into the decay ...
Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within the mass media in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating the standards of journalism , rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article ...
The spectrum in a rainbow. A spectrum (pl.: spectra or spectrums) [1] is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without gaps, across a continuum. The word spectrum was first used scientifically in optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light after passing through a prism.
The Indonesian Wikipedia (Indonesian: Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, WBI for short) is the Indonesian language edition of Wikipedia. It is the fifth-fastest-growing Asian-language Wikipedia after the Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Turkish language Wikipedias. It ranks 25th in terms of depth among Wikipedias.
Spread-spectrum clocking avoids this problem by reducing the peak radiated energy and, therefore, its electromagnetic emissions and so comply with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations. It has become a popular technique to gain regulatory approval because it requires only simple equipment modification.
Research shows that Wikipedia is prone to neutrality violations caused by bias from its editors, including systemic bias. [6] [7] A comprehensive study conducted on ten different versions of Wikipedia revealed that disputes among editors predominantly arise on the subject of politics, encompassing politicians, political parties, political movements, and ideologies.