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Res extensa is one of the two substances described by René Descartes in his Cartesian ontology [1] (often referred to as "radical dualism"), alongside res cogitans.Translated from Latin, "res extensa" means "extended thing" while the latter is described as "a thinking and unextended thing". [2]
In the Netherlands, where Descartes had lived for a long time, Cartesianism was a doctrine popular mainly among university professors and lecturers.In Germany the influence of this doctrine was not relevant and followers of Cartesianism in the German-speaking border regions between these countries (e.g., the iatromathematician Yvo Gaukes from East Frisia) frequently chose to publish their ...
Dualism (politics), the separation of powers between the cabinet and parliament Dualism in medieval politics, opposition to hierocracy (medieval) Epistemological dualism , the epistemological question of whether the world we see around us is the real world itself or merely an internal perceptual copy of that world generated by neural processes ...
Cartesian dualism, most famously defended by René Descartes, argues that there are two kinds of substances: mental and physical. [8] [16] Descartes states that the mental can exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think. Substance dualism is important historically for having given rise to much thought regarding the famous mind–body ...
René Descarte's mind-body dualism, also known as substance dualism or ‘Cartesian Dualism’, asserts an essential difference between mind and matter. In Descarte's interpretation matter is spatial, but the mind, which is the source of human thought, is immaterial. [9]
The "ghost in the machine" is a term originally used to describe and critique the concept of the mind existing alongside and separate from the body.In more recent times, the term has several uses, including the concept that the intellectual part of the human mind is influenced by emotions; and within fiction, for an emergent consciousness residing in a computer.
In philosophy, the Cartesian Self, or Cartesian subject, a concept developed by the philosopher René Descartes within his system of mind–body dualism, is the term provided [citation needed] for a separation between mind and body as posited by Descartes.
Hasker regards the soul as an "emergent" substance, dependent upon the body for its existence. [2] [3] Emergent dualism is a type of substance dualism which argues that the soul develops "naturally from the structure and functioning of the organism". [2] [3] Hasker's emergent dualism rejects cartesian dualism, property dualism, and physicalism. [4]