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In chemistry, an electrophile is a chemical species that forms bonds with nucleophiles by accepting an electron pair. [1] Because electrophiles accept electrons, they are Lewis acids. [2] Most electrophiles are positively charged, have an atom that carries a partial positive charge, or have an atom that does not have an octet of electrons.
In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition (A E) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds. [1] The driving force for this reaction is the formation of an electrophile X + that forms a covalent bond with an electron-rich ...
A nitrogen bound to both a good electrofuge and a good nucleofuge is known as a nitrenoid (for its resemblance to a nitrene). [2] Nitrenes lack a full octet of electrons are thus highly electrophilic; nitrenoids exhibit analogous behavior and are often good substrates for electrophilic amination reactions.
An example of a reaction taking place with an S N 1 reaction mechanism is the hydrolysis of tert-butyl bromide forming tert-butanol: This S N 1 reaction takes place in three steps: Formation of a tert-butyl carbocation by separation of a leaving group (a bromide anion) from the carbon atom: this step is slow. [5] Recombination of carbocation ...
The equation is −ΔH = E A E B + C A C B + W. The W term represents a constant energy contribution for acid–base reaction such as the cleavage of a dimeric acid or base. The equation predicts reversal of acids and base strengths. The graphical presentations of the equation show that there is no single order of Lewis base strengths or Lewis ...
An example of a substitution reaction taking place by a so-called borderline mechanism as originally studied by Hughes and Ingold [6] is the reaction of 1-phenylethyl chloride with sodium methoxide in methanol. The reaction rate is found to the sum of S N 1 and S N 2 components with 61% (3,5 M, 70 °C) taking place by the latter.
With nitrile electrophiles, nucleophilic addition take place by: [1] hydrolysis of a nitrile to form an amide or a carboxylic acid; organozinc nucleophiles in the Blaise reaction; alcohols in the Pinner reaction. the (same) nitrile α-carbon in the Thorpe reaction. The intramolecular version is called the Thorpe–Ziegler reaction.
In organic chemistry, a cross-coupling reaction is a reaction where two different fragments are joined. Cross-couplings are a subset of the more general coupling reactions. Often cross-coupling reactions require metal catalyst