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Side effects of dipivefrine include local eye reactions among others. Dipivefrine is a prodrug of epinephrine (adrenaline) and hence acts as a non-selective adrenergic receptor agonist . [ 5 ] It is a substituted phenethylamine and catecholamine and is an ester of epinephrine with much greater fat solubility .
Eye drops used in managing glaucoma help the eye's fluid to drain better and decrease the amount of fluid made by the eye which decreases eye pressure. They are classified by their active ingredient and they include: prostaglandin analogs , beta blockers , alpha agonists, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors .
Side effects of levodopa include nausea, the wearing-off phenomenon, dopamine dysregulation syndrome, and levodopa-induced dyskinesia, among others. [3] The drug is a centrally permeable monoamine precursor and prodrug of dopamine and hence acts as a dopamine receptor agonist . [ 3 ]
On hourly treatment with the eye drops for a week, blood serum concentrations peaked at 150 pg/ml on average, with many patients remaining below the detection threshold of 80 pg/ml. The elimination half-life from the circulation is estimated at one to two hours; the substance is mainly (over 80%) excreted via the faeces.
The most important factor that must be taken into account when designing any type of drug delivery device, and specifically ocular devices, is the release rate of a drug. As discussed previously, the deliver rate and kinetics associated with drugs to the eye can reach levels that are toxic to the eye or could even cause undesirable side effects.
When taken with Parkinson's drugs other than levodopa, side effects include peripheral edema, fall, joint pain, cough, and insomnia. [2] In a 2013 meta-analysis, none of the most frequently reported side effects of rasagiline occurred significantly more often than with placebo. [23] It was concluded that rasagiline is well-tolerated. [23]
Biperiden may lower the seizure-threshold. Some instances of dementia have been noted to correlate with chronic administration of anticholinergic medications such as biperiden for Parkinson's disease. [13] Peripheral side effects : Blurred vision, dry mouth, impaired sweating, abdominal discomfort, and obstipation are frequent.
Azelastine, sold under the brand name Astelin among others, is a H 1 receptor-blocking medication primarily used as a nasal spray to treat allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and as eye drops for allergic conjunctivitis. [5] [6] Other uses may include asthma and skin rashes for which it is taken by mouth. [7]
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