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Therefore, CO 2 emissions during volcanic eruptions are less than 10% of CO 2 emissions released during non-eruptive volcanic activity. The 15 June 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo (VEI 6) in the Philippines released a total of 18 ± 4 Tg of SO 2. [11] Such large VEI 6 eruptions are rare and only occur once every 50 – 100 years.
Remnants of past episodes exist on the ground in the form of black lines, where fires have previously melted sulfur. [7] Similar blue flames were observed on Kīlauea in May 2018, during the volcano's 2018 lower Puna eruption, when lava from the volcano burned methane that had been trapped underground. [9]
The peak after 1815 was caused by the Mount Tambora eruption. The 1808 mystery eruption is one or potentially multiple unidentified volcanic eruptions that resulted in a significant rise in stratospheric sulfur aerosols, leading to a period of global cooling analogous to the Year Without a Summer in 1816. [2] [3] [4]
Now, nearly 200 years later, scientists have identified the “mystery volcano.” The eruption was one of the most powerful of the 19th century, spewing so much sulfur dioxide into the ...
This article is a list of historical volcanic eruptions of approximately magnitude 6 or more on the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) or equivalent sulfur dioxide emission during the Holocene, and Pleistocene eruptions of the Decade Volcanoes (Avachinsky–Koryaksky, Kamchatka; Colima, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt; Mount Etna, Sicily; Galeras ...
A volcanic eruption is essentially the only natural way for short-lived – less than a few years – gases like sulfur dioxide and water vapor to make it into the stratosphere.
Some eruptions cooled the global climate—inducing a volcanic winter—depending on the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted and the magnitude of the eruption. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Before the present Holocene epoch, the criteria are less strict because of scarce data availability, partly since later eruptions have destroyed the evidence.
This eruption released an unprecedented amount of water vapor into Earth's atmosphere, according to NASA. Typically, volcanic eruptions cool the Earth's surface by emitting sulfur dioxide, which ...