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  2. Inter-rater reliability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-rater_reliability

    In statistics, inter-rater reliability (also called by various similar names, such as inter-rater agreement, inter-rater concordance, inter-observer reliability, inter-coder reliability, and so on) is the degree of agreement among independent observers who rate, code, or assess the same phenomenon.

  3. Intra-rater reliability - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intra-rater_reliability

    In statistics, intra-rater reliability is the degree of agreement among repeated administrations of a diagnostic test performed by a single rater. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Intra-rater reliability and inter-rater reliability are aspects of test validity .

  4. Cohen's kappa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cohen's_kappa

    Cohen's kappa measures the agreement between two raters who each classify N items into C mutually exclusive categories. The definition of is =, where p o is the relative observed agreement among raters, and p e is the hypothetical probability of chance agreement, using the observed data to calculate the probabilities of each observer randomly selecting each category.

  5. Video compression picture types - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_compression_picture...

    A B‑frame (Bidirectional predicted picture) saves even more space by using differences between the current frame and both the preceding and following frames to specify its content. P and B frames are also called inter frames. The order in which the I, P and B frames are arranged is called the group of pictures. Video frames contain ...

  6. Intramolecular force - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intramolecular_force

    An intramolecular force (from Latin intra-'within') is any force that binds together the atoms making up a molecule. [1] Intramolecular forces are stronger than the intermolecular forces that govern the interactions between molecules. [2]

  7. Intraspecific competition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intraspecific_competition

    Like exploitative competition, the individuals aren’t interacting directly but rather suffer a reduction in fitness as a consequence of the increasing population size. Apparent competition is generally associated with inter rather than intraspecific competition, whereby two different species share a common predator. An adaptation that makes ...

  8. Inter frame - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter_frame

    An inter frame is a frame in a video compression stream which is expressed in terms of one or more neighboring frames. The "inter" part of the term refers to the use of Inter frame prediction . This kind of prediction tries to take advantage from temporal redundancy between neighboring frames enabling higher compression rates.

  9. Tumour heterogeneity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumour_heterogeneity

    This phenomenon occurs both between tumours (inter-tumour heterogeneity) and within tumours (intra-tumour heterogeneity). A minimal level of intra-tumour heterogeneity is a simple consequence of the imperfection of DNA replication : whenever a cell (normal or cancerous) divides, a few mutations are acquired [ 2 ] —leading to a diverse ...