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A fusion energy gain factor, usually expressed with the symbol Q, is the ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear fusion reactor to the power required to maintain the plasma in steady state. The condition of Q = 1, when the power being released by the fusion reactions is equal to the required heating power, is referred to as breakeven , or ...
As originally formulated, the Lawson criterion gives a minimum required value for the product of the plasma (electron) density n e and the "energy confinement time" that leads to net energy output. Later analysis suggested that a more useful figure of merit is the triple product of density, confinement time, and plasma temperature T .
This corresponds to a total scientific energy gain of 0.7 and a capsule energy gain of 6. [14] While the experiment fell short of ignition as defined by the National Academy of Sciences – a total energy gain greater than one – most people working in the field viewed the experiment as the demonstration of ignition as defined by the Lawson ...
Over 90K shots over 10 hours; Over 11 million pulse power shots at 10 Hz for over 12 days; Electra laser at the Naval Research Laboratory [302] [303] Plasma pressure: 2016: 2.1 × 10 5 Pa: Alcator C-Mod [304] Lawson criterion: 2013: 1.53 × 10 24 eV·s/m 3: JT-60 [305] [306] Fusion energy gain factor: 2022: 1.54: NIF [286] Discharge time (field ...
However, while this was scientifically a success, [13] the experiment in practice produced less than 1% of the energy the facility used to create it: [14] while 3.15 MJ of energy was yielded from 2.05 MJ input, [15] the lasers delivering the 2.05 MJ of energy took about 300 MJ to produce in the facility.
In nuclear fusion research, the term break-even refers to a fusion energy gain factor equal to unity; this is also known as the Lawson criterion. The notion can also be found in more general phenomena, such as percolation. In energy, the break-even point is the point where usable energy gotten from a process equals the input energy.
JET was one of only two tokamak models designed to work with a real deuterium-tritium fuel mix, the other being the US-built TFTR. Both were built with the hope of reaching scientific breakeven where the "fusion energy gain factor" or Q = 1.0. [18] [6] [19] [20] JET achieved its first plasma on 25 June 1983. [14]
In 1997, JET set the record of 16 megawatts of transient fusion power with a gain factor of Q = 0.62 and 4 megawatts steady state fusion power with Q = 0.18 for 4 seconds. [3] In 2021, JET sustained Q = 0.33 for 5 seconds and produced 59 megajoules of energy, beating the record 21.7 megajoules released in 1997 over around 4 seconds. [4]
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