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Thermodynamic heat pump cycles or refrigeration cycles are the conceptual and mathematical models for heat pump, air conditioning and refrigeration systems. [1] A heat pump is a mechanical system that transmits heat from one location (the "source") at a certain temperature to another location (the "sink" or "heat sink") at a higher temperature. [2]
Propane may be the most suitable for high temperature heat pumps. [73] Ammonia (R717) and carbon dioxide also have a low GWP. As of 2023 smaller CO 2 heat pumps are not widely available and research and development of them continues. [74] A 2024 report said that refrigerants with GWP are vulnerable to further international restrictions. [75]
The critical temperature of the fluid should be well above the highest temperature existing in the proposed cycle. Evaporation of the working fluid — and thus the significant addition of heat — can then ensue at the maximum temperature of the cycle. This results in a relatively high cycle efficiency.
A thermal expansion valve is a key element to a heat pump; this is the cycle that makes air conditioning, or air cooling, possible. A basic refrigeration cycle consists of four major elements: a compressor , a condenser , a metering device and an evaporator .
These heat pumps are also preferred for pool heating. Heat pumps typically only heat water to about 55 °C (131 °F) efficiently, whereas boilers typically operate at 65–95 °C (149–203 °F) [citation needed]. The size of radiators designed for the higher temperatures achieved by boilers may be too small for use with heat pumps, requiring ...
The method, at this point, is concerned only with the fluid undergoing the maximum temperature change. The effectiveness of the heat exchanger (), is the ratio between the actual heat transfer rate and the maximum possible heat transfer rate:
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