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In Euclidean geometry, an angle or plane angle is the figure formed by two rays, called the sides of the angle, sharing a common endpoint, called the vertex of the angle. [1] Two intersecting curves may also define an angle, which is the angle of the rays lying tangent to the respective curves at their point of intersection.
When the rays are lines of sight from an observer to two points in space, it is known as the apparent distance or apparent separation. Angular distance appears in mathematics (in particular geometry and trigonometry) and all natural sciences (e.g., kinematics, astronomy, and geophysics).
Half-line (geometry) or ray, half of a line split at an initial point Directed half-line or ray, half of a directed or oriented line split at an initial point; Ray (graph theory), an infinite sequence of vertices such that each vertex appears at most once in the sequence and each two consecutive vertices in the sequence are the two endpoints of an edge in the graph
A meridional ray is a ray that passes through the axis of an optical fiber. A skew ray is a ray that travels in a non-planar zig-zag path and never crosses the axis of an optical fiber. A guided ray, bound ray, or trapped ray is a ray in a multi-mode optical fiber, which is confined by the core.
In Euclidean geometry two rays with a common endpoint form an angle. [14] The definition of a ray depends upon the notion of betweenness for points on a line. It follows that rays exist only for geometries for which this notion exists, typically Euclidean geometry or affine geometry over an ordered field.
In geometry, a half-space is either of the two parts into which a plane divides the three-dimensional Euclidean space. [1] If the space is two-dimensional, then a half-space is called a half-plane (open or closed). [2] [3] A half-space in a one-dimensional space is called a half-line [4] or ray.
Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. The ray in geometrical optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. The simplifying assumptions of geometrical optics include that light rays:
The rays represent luminous intensity, which varies according to Lambert's cosine law for an ideal diffuse reflector. Diffuse reflection is the reflection of light or other waves or particles from a surface such that a ray incident on the surface is scattered at many angles rather than at just one angle as in the case of specular reflection.
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