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In Russian grammar, the system of declension is elaborate and complex. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, demonstratives, most numerals and other particles are declined for two grammatical numbers (singular and plural) and six grammatical cases (see below); some of these parts of speech in the singular are also declined by three grammatical genders (masculine, feminine and neuter).
The masculine accusative singular and the accusative plural endings depend on animacy, as with nouns. The instrumental feminine ending -ой/-ей has the archaic alternative form -ою/-ею for all adjectives, which has only a stylistic difference. There are often stress changes in the short form. For example, the short forms of ...
A common noun ending in a consonant without - ь is masculine while a noun ending in - ь is often feminine (though there are some masculine nouns ending in a "soft" consonant, with the - ь marking a different pronunciation).
Most nouns in English have distinct singular and plural forms. Nouns and most noun phrases can form a possessive construction. Plurality is most commonly shown by the ending-s (or -es), whereas possession is always shown by the enclitic-'s or, for plural forms ending in s, by just an apostrophe. Consider, for example, the forms of the noun girl.
The ending carries grammatical information, including case, number, and gender. [1] Gender is an inherent property of a noun but is part of the inflection of an adjective, because it must agree with the gender of the noun it modifies. [2] Thus, the general morphological form of such words is R+S+E:
Spelling rules are of major importance in the study of Russian morphology. They have a very considerable effect on the declension of nouns and adjectives and the conjugation of verbs because many of the endings produce consonant-vowel combinations that the spelling rules strictly forbid. In some cases where stress dictates whether or not a ...
The locative is kept in all Slavic languages (except for Bulgarian and Macedonian), although Russian split it (in the singular of a group of masculine nouns) into locative and prepositional, and Serbo-Croatian uses almost the same set of endings (sometimes with different intonation) as for the dative. The ending depends on whether the word is a ...
^† A sentence with possessed case noun always has to include a possessive case noun. Possessive case: direct ownership: owned by the house English | Turkish: Privative case: lacking, without: without a house Chuvash | Kamu | Martuthunira | Wagiman: Semblative/Similative case: similarity, comparing: that tree is like a house Wagiman: Sociative ...