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Chalk mining is the extraction of chalk from underground and above ground deposits by mining. [1] Mined chalk is used mostly to make cement and bricks . Chalk mining was widespread in Britain in the 19th century because of the large amount of construction underway (and the Industrial Revolution ). [ 2 ]
Purfleet Chalk Pits is a 10.7-hectare (26-acre) geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Purfleet in Essex. [1] [2] It is a Geological Conservation Review site.[3]The chalk pits expose sands and gravels which are associated with the ancient course of the River Thames.
25 of the holes were excavated by Hawley in 1920 and seven more in 1924. In 1950 Stuart Piggott and Richard Atkinson dug two more Aubrey Holes which brought the total excavated to 35, including one that Richard Colt Hoare may have encountered whilst digging beneath the fallen Slaughter Stone (so named from its reddish coloration) in the early nineteenth century.
In the Lion Gorge are the remnants of an old tramway cutting created in the nineteenth century to transport chalk from Lion Pit to the riverside wharves. [4] The tramway ran roughly south from the chalk diggings to the Lion Works – a Portland cement factory opened in 1874. (Until about 1980, Thurrock was a major centre for cement production.)
Grime's Graves is a large Neolithic flint mining complex in Norfolk, England.It lies 8 km (5.0 mi) north east from Brandon, Suffolk in the East of England.It was worked between c. 2600 and c. 2300 BCE, although production may have continued through the Bronze and Iron Ages and later, owing to the low cost of flint compared with metals.
Chalk is so common in Cretaceous marine beds that the Cretaceous Period was named for these deposits. The name Cretaceous was derived from Latin creta, meaning chalk. [10] Some deposits of chalk were formed after the Cretaceous. [11] The Chalk Group is a European stratigraphic unit deposited during the late Cretaceous Period.
In 1225 Henry III gave every man the right to sink a marl pit on his own land. Spreading chalk on the fields was a common practice in the Middle Ages. This appears to have continued into the 19th century. The need for chalk in agriculture supports the theory that the origin of deneholes was for chalk extraction. [citation needed]
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