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  2. Economies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_scale

    External economies of scale tend to be more prevalent than internal economies of scale. [44] Through the external economies of scale, the entry of new firms benefits all existing competitors as it creates greater competition and also reduces the average cost for all firms as opposed to internal economies of scale which only allows benefits to ...

  3. Localization and Urbanization Economies - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Localization_and...

    External economies of scale result from an increase in the productivity of an entire industry, region, or economy due to factors outside of an individual company. There are three sources of external economies of scale: input sharing, labor market pooling, and knowledge spillovers (Marshall, 1920). [1] Localization economies occur when an ...

  4. Economies of agglomeration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economies_of_agglomeration

    Economies of scale external to a firm result from spatial proximity and are called agglomeration economies of scale. Agglomeration economies can be seen as the external condition for companies and the internal condition for the region. Increasing returns to scale, according to Beckmann, is integral to understanding why urban centers form.

  5. Travelers Companies' Scale And Analytical Advantages ... - AOL

    www.aol.com/travelers-companies-scale-analytical...

    The analyst notes TRV’s scale and analytical advantages make it a valuable long-term holding for investors but expects increasing earnings volatility and declining reserve releases to limit near ...

  6. Horizontal integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_integration

    A company may do this via internal expansion or through mergers and acquisitions. [1] [2] [3] The process can lead to monopoly if a company captures the vast majority of the market for that product or service. [3] Benefits of horizontal integration include: increasing economies of scale, expanding an existing market, and improving product ...

  7. Diseconomies of scale - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diseconomies_of_scale

    The concept of diseconomies of scale is the opposite of economies of scale. It occurs when economies of scale become dysfunctional for a firm. [ 1 ] In business, diseconomies of scale [ 2 ] are the features that lead to an increase in average costs as a business grows beyond a certain size.

  8. Cluster theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_theory

    For example, Apple may run an ad on Facebook which Facebook gets compensated for and Apple will inevitably make more money from these ad's due to subconscious reinforcement of the product. Thus, these tech firms that cluster produce economies of agglomeration which is beneficial to most firms in the cluster due to the boost in productivity

  9. Porter's five forces analysis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter's_five_forces_analysis

    A graphical representation of Porter's five forces. Porter's Five Forces Framework is a method of analysing the competitive environment of a business. It draws from industrial organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and, therefore, the attractiveness (or lack thereof) of an industry in terms of its profitability.