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Mask generation functions are deterministic; the octet string output is completely determined by the input octet string. The output of a mask generation function should be pseudorandom, that is, if the seed to the function is unknown, it should be infeasible to distinguish the output from a truly random string. [1]
The word cast, on the other hand, refers to explicitly changing the interpretation of the bit pattern representing a value from one type to another. For example, 32 contiguous bits may be treated as an array of 32 Booleans, a 4-byte string, an unsigned 32-bit integer or an IEEE single precision floating point value.
.NET supports a "7-bit encoded int" format in the BinaryReader and BinaryWriter classes. [10] When writing a string to a BinaryWriter, the string length is encoded with this method. Minecraft uses LEB128 in its protocol for measuring lengths of data within packets. [11] The mpatrol debugging tool uses LEB128 in its tracing file format. [12]
Files that contain machine-executable code and non-textual data typically contain all 256 possible eight-bit byte values. Many computer programs came to rely on this distinction between seven-bit text and eight-bit binary data, and would not function properly if non-ASCII characters appeared in data that was expected to include only ASCII text ...
A byte is a bit string containing the number of bits needed to represent a character. On most modern computers, this is an eight bit string. Because the definition of a byte is related to the number of bits composing a character, some older computers have used a different bit length for their byte. [2]
The default string primitive in Go, [50] Julia, Rust, Swift (since version 5), [51] and PyPy [52] uses UTF-8 internally in all cases. Python (since version 3.3) uses UTF-8 internally for Python C API extensions [53] [54] and sometimes for strings [53] [55] and a future version of Python is planned to store strings as UTF-8 by default.
Because more than one 5-bit Base32 character is needed to represent each 8-bit input byte, if the input is not a multiple of 5 bytes (40 bits), then it doesn't fit exactly in 5-bit Base32 characters. In that case, some specifications require padding characters to be added while some require extra zero bits to make a multiple of 5 bits.
Normally, a string of characters is represented using a fixed number of bits per character, as in the ASCII code. When a string is converted to arithmetic encoding, frequently used characters will be stored with fewer bits and not-so-frequently occurring characters will be stored with more bits, resulting in fewer bits used in total.