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Some novel tool-use by primates may arise in a localised or isolated manner within certain unique primate cultures, being transmitted and practised among socially connected primates through cultural learning. Many famous researchers, such as Charles Darwin in his 1871 book The Descent of Man, have mentioned tool use in monkeys (such as baboons).
The discipline attempts to move beyond archaeology's anthropocentric perspective by placing the focus on both past and present primate tool use. [1] Primate archaeology is characterized by the combination of archaeological and primatological methods, and researchers consider both non-human primate tools and their behaviour in tandem. [2]
Hominid apes build nests for sleeping at night, and in some species, for sleeping during the day. Nest-building by hominid apes is learned by infants watching the mother and others in the group, and is considered tool use rather than animal architecture. [1] [2] Neither Old World monkeys nor New World monkeys nest. [3]
Primates have advanced cognitive abilities: some make tools and use them to acquire food and for social displays; [163] [164] some can perform tasks requiring cooperation, influence and rank; [165] they are status conscious, manipulative and capable of deception; [166] [167] they can recognise kin and conspecifics; [168] [169] and they can ...
Chimpanzees have used stone tools since at least 4,300 years ago. [144] A chimpanzee from the Kasakela chimpanzee community was the first nonhuman animal reported making a tool, by modifying a twig to use as an instrument for extracting termites from their mound. [145] [146] At Taï, chimpanzees simply use their hands to extract termites. [126]
The use of tools by apes including chimpanzees [12] and orangutans [13] can be used to argue in favour of tool-use as an ancestral feature of the hominin family. [14] Tools made from bone, wood, or other organic materials were therefore in all probability used before the Oldowan. [ 15 ]
Some non-primates manufacture and use objects as tools. Crows are known to make hook-tools for catching insects, [42] but such activities lack the behavioral plasticity of tool use as evidenced in tufted capuchins who found new ways to use tools that other species could not. [43]
The relatively small chewing capacity of H. ergaster, in comparison to its larger-jawed ancestors, means that the meat and high quality plant food consumed would likely have required the use of tools to process before eating. [59]