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Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA, 2-COOH-THC; conjugate base tetrahydrocannabinolate) is a precursor of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), an active component of cannabis. [1]THCA is found in variable quantities in fresh, undried cannabis, but is progressively decarboxylated to THC with drying, and especially under intense heating such as when cannabis is smoked or cooked into cannabis edibles.
Hash oil or cannabis oil is an oleoresin obtained by the extraction of cannabis or hashish. [1] It is a cannabis concentrate containing many of its resins and terpenes – in particular, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and other cannabinoids .
In the Cannabis plant, THC occurs mainly as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA, 2-COOH-THC). Geranyl pyrophosphate and olivetolic acid react, catalysed by an enzyme to produce cannabigerolic acid, [42] which is cyclized by the enzyme THC acid synthase to give THCA. Over time, or when heated, THCA is decarboxylated, producing THC.
There is no evidence for enzymatic conversion of CBDA or CBD to THCA or THC. For the propyl homologues (THCVA, CBDVA and CBCVA), there is an analogous pathway that is based on CBGVA from divarinolic acid instead of olivetolic acid.
THC acetate ester (THC-O or THCOA) can be synthesized from THC, [2] [3] or from THCA. The acetylation of THC does not change the properties of the compound to the same extent as with other acetate esters, as the parent compound (THC) is already highly lipophilic, but potency is nonetheless increased to some extent.
In an in vitro analysis by the University of Rhode Island on cannabinoids it was found that 11-OH-Δ 9-THC had the 3rd highest 3C-like protease inhibitor activity against COVID-19 out of all the cannabinoids tested within that study but not as high as the antiviral drug GC376 (56% for 11-OH-Δ 9-THC vs. 100% for GC376).
Δ-11-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta-11-THC, Δ 11-THC, Δ 9(11)-THC, exo-Tetrahydrocannabinol) is a rare isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol, developed in the 1970s.It can be synthesised from Δ 8-THC by several different routes, [1] [2] [3] though only the (6aR, 10aR) enantiomer is known.
Heat is required to decarboxylate the non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid THCA to its psychoactive form, THC. Likewise, CBDA turns into CBD. From hemp plant material in an oven, cannabinoid concentration plots (time/temp) show THC: [16] STP 0 minutes 0.20mg/g; 140-160C 20 minutes 0.27mg/g; 140-160C 60 minutes 0.05-0.15mg/g