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Commoner women usually wore yếm in simple blacks and whites for day to day use, whereas during special occasions they could opt for more festive, brighter colors such as red and pink. Indeed, much of Vietnamese poetry has been dedicated to the beauty of women in their vermilion bodices ( yếm đào ).
Mrs. Đặng Thị Nhu (Đề Thám's third wife) and her daughter in Áo tứ thân costume 2 girls working in the fields in Áo tứ thân costumesThe áo tứ thân was the dress of peasant women, which explains why it was often made with plain fabric in dark colors, except when it was to be worn at special occasions such as festivals or weddings.
The following Lê dynasty also criticized women for violating Neo-Confucian dress norms, but only enforced the dress code haphazardly, so skirts and halter tops remained the norm. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Vietnam was divided into northern and southern realms, with the Nguyễn lords ruling the south. [ 15 ]
The áo tứ thân or "four-part dress" is one such example of an ancient dress widely worn by commoner women, along with the áo yếm bodice which accompanied it. Peasants across the country also gradually came to wear silk pajama-like costumes, known as "áo cánh" in the north and áo bà ba in the south.
Initially, Áo tứ thân was worn by both men and women, but gradually became the traditional dress of women. [35] [36] Áo tứ thân is a symbol of Vietnamese culture. [37] [38] It is associated with the image of Vietnamese women who are gentle, graceful, and capable. [39] Today, Áo tứ thân is not as widely used as before. [40]
Vietnamese women in áo bà ba are still romanticized in art and literature, most likely due to the delicacy of the fabric. [ 7 ] The rehabilitation of the áo bà ba as a classic dress, since about the turn of the century and the rise of mass electronic communication, places it back to its heritage of having been the dominant daily dress of ...
The painting Văn quan vinh quy đồ (文官榮歸圖) dated 18th century shows a woman wearing nón Ba tầm. A nón Ba tầm is a traditional Vietnamese flat palm hat. [1] [2] [3] It should be distinguished from other traditional Vietnamese headwear, such as the conical nón lá and the coiled turban (khăn vấn).
A museum exhibition shows women wearing the characteristic black-and-white checkered Khăn rằn headscarf and black Áo bà ba tunic Khăn rằn can be worn on the head or around the neck depending on the user Củ Chi people wear Khăn rằn