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Aromatase excess syndrome (AES or AEXS) is a rarely diagnosed genetic and endocrine syndrome which is characterized by an overexpression of aromatase, the enzyme responsible for the biosynthesis of the estrogen sex hormones from the androgens, in turn resulting in excessive levels of circulating estrogens and, accordingly, symptoms of hyperestrogenism.
[26] [27] During adolescence, on average 33 percent of males are estimated to exhibit signs of gynecomastia. [7] Gynecomastia in older men is estimated to be present in 24–65 percent of men between the ages of 50 and 80. Estimates on asymptomatic gynecomastia is about up to 70% in men aged 50 to 69 years. [26] [50]
In men, it causes impaired muscle and body hair development, gynecomastia, decreased height, erectile dysfunction, and sexual difficulties. If hypogonadism is caused by a disorder of the central nervous system (e.g., a brain tumor), then this is known as central hypogonadism.
[28] [33] [34] In one study, 89% of those who developed gynecomastia and 98% of those who developed breast pain did so within the first 6 months. [33] Of those who developed gynecomastia, around 55% did so in the first 3 months, around 35% between 3 and 6 months, and 10% after more than 6 months. [33]
Metandienone, also known as 17α-methyl-δ 1-testosterone or as 17α-methylandrost-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one, is a synthetic androstane steroid and a 17α-alkylated derivative of testosterone. [7] It is a modification of testosterone with a methyl group at the C17α position and an additional double bond between the C1 and C2 positions. [ 7 ]
Methylestradiol is an active metabolite of the androgens/anabolic steroids methyltestosterone (17α-methyltestosterone), metandienone (17α-methyl-δ 1-testosterone), and normethandrone (17α-methyl-19-nortestosterone), and is responsible for their estrogenic side effects, such as gynecomastia and fluid retention. [10] [11] [12]
Ovarian stimulation with the aromatase inhibitor letrozole has been proposed for ovulation induction in order to treat unexplained female infertility. In a multi-center study funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Development, ovarian stimulation with letrozole resulted in a significantly lower frequency of multiple gestation (i.e., twins or triplets) but also a lower frequency ...
Megestrol acetate is used mainly as an appetite stimulant to promote weight gain in a variety of situations. [25] [26] [27] When given at very high dosages, it can substantially increase appetite in most individuals, even those with advanced cancer, and is often used to boost appetite and induce weight gain in patients with cancer or HIV/AIDS-associated cachexia. [25]