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  2. Tarikh al-khulafa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarikh_al-khulafa

    Tarikh al-khulafa (Arabic: تأريخ الخلفاء, History of the Caliphs) is the title of several works on the history of Islam: al-Imama wa al-siyasa, also known as Tarikh al-khulafa, a work attributed to Ibn Qutayba (died 889) History of the Caliphs, a work written by al-Suyuti (died 1505)

  3. Mu'awiya I - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu'awiya_I

    Mu'awiya I (Arabic: معاوية بن أبي سفيان, romanized: Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; c. 597, 603 or 605 –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death.

  4. Yazid I - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid_I

    Yazid ibn Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan (Arabic: يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان, romanized: Yazīd ibn Muʿāwiya ibn ʾAbī Sufyān; c. 646 [b] – 11 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from April 680 until his death in November 683.

  5. List of Islam-related films - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Islam-related_films

    Early history - - Imam Ali Series: 1992 TV Series Iran Early history - Life of Ali from becoming the Caliph to his assassination. Loneliest Leader: 1997 TV Series Iran Early history - Last part of Hasan ibn Ali's life Velayate eshgh 2000 TV Series Iran Early history - Life of Ali al-Ridha, the 8th Imam of Twelver Shi'ism. Al Hajjaj 2003 TV ...

  6. List of caliphs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_caliphs

    A caliph is the supreme religious and political leader of an Islamic state known as the caliphate. [1] [2] Caliphs (also known as 'Khalifas') led the Muslim Ummah as political successors to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, [3] and widely-recognised caliphates have existed in various forms for most of Islamic history.

  7. Rashidun Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate

    The caliphs are also known in Muslim history as the "orthodox" or "patriarchal" caliphs. [4] Following Muhammad's death in June 632, Muslim leaders debated who should succeed him. Unlike later caliphs, Rashidun were often chosen by some form of a small group of high-ranking companions of the Prophet in shūrā (lit.

  8. List of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_battles_involving...

    Expansion of the Rashidun Caliphate under different caliphs (632–661) This is the list of battles involving the Rashidun Caliphate ranked chronologically from 632, with the first caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq, to the last caliph in 661, Ali ibn Abi Talib. Here is a legend to facilitate the reading of the outcomes of the battles below: Victory Defeat

  9. Mihna - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihna

    The Mihna (Arabic: محنة خلق القرآن, romanized: miḥna khalaq al-qurʾān, lit. 'ordeal of Quranic createdness') (also known as the first Muslim inquisition) was a period of religious persecution instituted by the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun in 833 AD in which religious scholars were punished, imprisoned, or even killed [citation needed] unless they conformed to Muʿtazila doctrine.

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