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Countries such as Switzerland have established national integrated ticketing systems that extend beyond transportation to include access to leisure destinations, museums, and other services. [3] Other nations, such as the United Kingdom, Australia, and Sweden, have implemented similar systems within major cities and metropolitan areas.
In the airline industry, available seats are commonly referred to as inventory. The inventory of an airline is generally classified into service classes (e.g. economy, premium economy, business or first class) and any number of fare classes, to which different prices and booking conditions may apply.
E-tickets in the airline industry were devised in about 1994, [1] and have now largely replaced the older multi-layered paper ticketing systems. Since 1 June 2008, it has been mandatory for IATA members to use e-ticketing. Where paper tickets are still available, some airlines charge a fee for issuing paper tickets.
The SABRE system by IBM in the 1960s was specified to process a very large number of transactions, such as handling 83,000 daily phone calls. [7] The system took over all booking functions in 1964, when the name had changed to SABRE. [8] In 1972, SABRE was migrated to IBM System/360 systems in a new underground location in Tulsa, Oklahoma.
While a mobile phone is compatible with an e-ticket, mobile ticketing is a distinct system. There are several methods of implementing a mobile ticketing system, with varying degrees of complexity and transparency depending on the underlying technology. Mobile tickets may lessen the potential for scalping (touting) and fraud. [6] [7]
The former AFC barrier gates at Southern Cross station in the Melbourne Metcard AFC System. An automated fare collection (AFC) system is the collection of components that automate the ticketing system of a public transportation network – an automated version of manual fare collection. An AFC system is usually the basis for integrated ticketing.
The MARS-1 train ticket reservation system was designed and planned in the 1950s by the Japanese National Railways' R&D Institute, now the Railway Technical Research Institute, with the system eventually being produced by Hitachi in 1958. [6] It was the world's first seat reservation system for trains. [7]
Next Generation e-Ticketing (NGeT): The Internet-based E-ticketing reservation system, developed for IRCTC, that connects at the back-end to PRS. [7] Computerization of Indian Railways' Unreserved Ticketing System: Unreserved ticketing is a major component of IR's ticket volume, and an important source of revenue.