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In modular arithmetic, a number g is a primitive root modulo n if every number a coprime to n is congruent to a power of g modulo n. That is, g is a primitive root modulo n if for every integer a coprime to n, there is some integer k for which g k ≡ a (mod n). Such a value k is called the index or discrete logarithm of a to the base g modulo n.
It may also be defined as the monic polynomial with integer coefficients that is the minimal polynomial over the field of the rational numbers of any primitive nth-root of unity (/ is an example of such a root). An important relation linking cyclotomic polynomials and primitive roots of unity is
Mazur's torsion theorem (algebraic geometry) Mean value theorem ; Measurable Riemann mapping theorem (conformal mapping) Mellin inversion theorem (complex analysis) Menelaus's theorem ; Menger's theorem (graph theory) Mercer's theorem (functional analysis) Mermin–Wagner theorem ; Mertens's theorems (number theory)
The torsion subgroup of Z[ζ n] × is the group of roots of unity in Q(ζ n), which was described in the previous item. Cyclotomic units form an explicit finite-index subgroup of Z[ζ n] ×. The Kronecker–Weber theorem states that every finite abelian extension of Q in C is contained in Q(ζ n) for some n.
The complex conjugate root theorem states that if the coefficients of a polynomial are real, then the non-real roots appear in pairs of the form (a + ib, a – ib).. It follows that the roots of a polynomial with real coefficients are mirror-symmetric with respect to the real axis.
In number theory, Artin's conjecture on primitive roots states that a given integer a that is neither a square number nor −1 is a primitive root modulo infinitely many primes p. The conjecture also ascribes an asymptotic density to these primes. This conjectural density equals Artin's constant or a rational multiple thereof.
In mathematics, a primitive root may mean: Primitive root modulo n in modular arithmetic Primitive n th root of unity amongst the solutions of z n = 1 in a field
For n = 1, the cyclotomic polynomial is Φ 1 (x) = x − 1 Therefore, the only primitive first root of unity is 1, which is a non-primitive n th root of unity for every n > 1. As Φ 2 (x) = x + 1, the only primitive second (square) root of unity is −1, which is also a non-primitive n th root of unity for every even n > 2.
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