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  2. Minute and second of arc - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc

    The physical group size equivalent to m minutes of arc can be calculated as follows: group size = tan(⁠ m / 60 ⁠) × distance. In the example previously given, for 1 minute of arc, and substituting 3,600 inches for 100 yards, 3,600 tan(⁠ 1 / 60 ⁠) ≈ 1.047 inches. In metric units 1 MOA at 100 metres ≈ 2.908 centimetres.

  3. Solid angle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_angle

    Solid angles can also be measured in squares of angular measures such as degrees, minutes, and seconds. A small object nearby may subtend the same solid angle as a larger object farther away. For example, although the Moon is much smaller than the Sun, it is also much closer to Earth. Indeed, as viewed from any point on Earth, both objects have ...

  4. Grade (slope) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_(slope)

    In cases where the difference between sin and tan is significant, the tangent is used. In either case, the following identity holds for all inclinations up to 90 degrees: ⁡ = ⁡ ⁡. Or more simply, one can calculate the horizontal run by using the Pythagorean theorem, after which it is trivial to calculate the (standard math) slope or the ...

  5. Gradian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradian

    [18] [19] Today, the degree, ⁠ 1 / 360 ⁠ of a turn, or the mathematically more convenient radian, ⁠ 1 / 2 π ⁠ of a turn (used in the SI system of units) is generally used instead. In the 1970s – 1990s, most scientific calculators offered the gon (gradian), as well as radians and degrees, for their trigonometric functions . [ 23 ]

  6. Parsec - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsec

    By the 2015 definition, 1 au of arc length subtends an angle of 1″ at the center of the circle of radius 1 pc. That is, 1 pc = 1 au/tan(1″) ≈ 206,264.8 au by definition. [9] Converting from degree/minute/second units to radians,

  7. Radian - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radian

    One radian is defined as the angle at the center of a circle in a plane that subtends an arc whose length equals the radius of the circle. [6] More generally, the magnitude in radians of a subtended angle is equal to the ratio of the arc length to the radius of the circle; that is, =, where θ is the magnitude in radians of the subtended angle, s is arc length, and r is radius.

  8. Numerical aperture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_aperture

    The exact definition of the term varies slightly between different areas of optics. Numerical aperture is commonly used in microscopy to describe the acceptance cone of an objective (and hence its light-gathering ability and resolution ), and in fiber optics , in which it describes the range of angles within which light that is incident on the ...

  9. Tan-1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan-1

    tan −1 y = tan −1 (x), sometimes interpreted as arctan(x) or arctangent of x, the compositional inverse of the trigonometric function tangent (see below for ambiguity) tan −1 x = tan −1 ( x ), sometimes interpreted as (tan( x )) −1 = ⁠ 1 / tan( x ) ⁠ = cot( x ) or cotangent of x , the multiplicative inverse (or reciprocal) of the ...