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Note: The column MBR (Master Boot Record) refers to whether or not the boot loader can be stored in the first sector of a mass storage device. The column VBR (Volume Boot Record) refers to the ability of the boot loader to be stored in the first sector of any partition on a mass storage device.
GNU GRUB (short for GNU GRand Unified Bootloader, commonly referred to as GRUB) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project.GRUB is the reference implementation of the Free Software Foundation's Multiboot Specification, which provides a user the choice to boot one of multiple operating systems installed on a computer or select a specific kernel configuration available on a particular ...
rEFInd is a boot manager for UEFI and EFI-based machines. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] It can be used to boot multiple operating systems that are installed on a single non-volatile device. It also provides a way to launch UEFI applications.
GNU GRUB is the reference implementation used in the GNU operating system and other operating systems. [3] As of July 2019, the latest version of Multiboot specification is 0.6.96, defined in 2009. [2] An incompatible second iteration with UEFI support, Multiboot2 specification, was later introduced.
The second-stage loader (stage2, the /boot/grub/ files) is loaded by the stage1.5 and displays the GRUB startup menu that allows the user to choose an operating system or examine and edit startup parameters. After a menu entry is chosen and optional parameters are given, GRUB loads the linux kernel into memory and passes control to it.
Unlike loadlin, it allowed booting Linux without having DOS on the computer. [3] As of 2009, most distributions have switched to GRUB as the default boot loader. [ 4 ] Further development of LILO was discontinued in December 2015 along with a request by Joachim Wiedorn for potential developers.
systemd-boot is a free and open-source boot manager created by obsoleting the gummiboot project and merging it into systemd in May 2015. [1] [2] [3] [4]gummiboot was developed by the Red Hat employees Kay Sievers and Harald Hoyer and designed as a minimal alternative to GNU GRUB for systems using the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI).
The Windows NT operating system family's architecture consists of two layers (user mode and kernel mode), with many different modules within both of these layers.One prominent example of a hybrid kernel is the Microsoft Windows NT kernel that powers all operating systems in the Windows NT family, up to and including Windows 11 and Windows Server 2022, and powers Windows Phone 8, Windows Phone ...