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Integral contour for deriving Kramers–Kronig relations. The proof begins with an application of Cauchy's residue theorem for complex integration. Given any analytic function in the closed upper half-plane, the function ′ (′) / (′), where is real, is analytic in the (open) upper half-plane.
The binding constant, or affinity constant/association constant, is a special case of the equilibrium constant K, [1] and is the inverse of the dissociation constant. [2] It is associated with the binding and unbinding reaction of receptor (R) and ligand (L) molecules, which is formalized as: R + L ⇌ RL
In thermodynamics, the ebullioscopic constant K b relates molality b to boiling point elevation. [1] It is the ratio of the latter to the former: = i is the van 't Hoff factor, the number of particles the solute splits into or forms when dissolved. b is the molality of the solution.
The Boltzmann constant (k B or k) is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas. [2] It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and the gas constant , in Planck's law of black-body radiation and Boltzmann's entropy formula , and is used in ...
For example, if a macromolecule M has three binding sites, K′ 1 describes a ligand being bound to any of the three binding sites. In this example, K′ 2 describes two molecules being bound and K′ 3 three molecules being bound to the macromolecule. The microscopic or individual dissociation constant describes the equilibrium of ligands ...
kT (also written as k B T) is the product of the Boltzmann constant, k (or k B), and the temperature, T.This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and kT, that is, on E ...
This would thus allow the calculation of K −1. By plotting a graph of ε HG versus K −1, the result would be a linear relationship. When the procedure is repeated for a series of concentrations and plotted on the same graph, the lines intersect at a point giving the optimum value of ε HG and K −1.
Although the K a /K s ratio is a good indicator of selective pressure at the sequence level, evolutionary change can often take place in the regulatory region of a gene which affects the level, timing or location of gene expression. K a /K s analysis will not detect such change. It will only calculate selective pressure within protein coding ...