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  2. Fluorocarbon - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorocarbon

    Perfluoroalkanes are very stable because of the strength of the carbon–fluorine bond, one of the strongest in organic chemistry. [4] Its strength is a result of the electronegativity of fluorine imparting partial ionic character through partial charges on the carbon and fluorine atoms, which shorten and strengthen the bond (compared to carbon-hydrogen bonds) through favorable covalent ...

  3. Ice rules - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_rules

    In 1935, Linus Pauling used the ice rules to calculate the residual entropy (zero temperature entropy) of ice I h. [3] For this (and other) reasons the rules are sometimes mis-attributed and referred to as "Pauling's ice rules" (not to be confused with Pauling's rules for ionic crystals). A nice figure of the resulting structure can be found in ...

  4. Table of specific heat capacities - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_specific_heat...

    Note that the especially high molar values, as for paraffin, gasoline, water and ammonia, result from calculating specific heats in terms of moles of molecules. If specific heat is expressed per mole of atoms for these substances, none of the constant-volume values exceed, to any large extent, the theoretical Dulong–Petit limit of 25 J⋅mol ...

  5. Hydroentanglement - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroentanglement

    Hydroentanglement is a bonding process for wet or dry fibrous webs made by either carding, airlaying or wet-laying, the resulting bonded fabric being a nonwoven.It uses fine, high pressure jets of water which penetrate the web, hit the conveyor belt (or "wire" as in papermaking conveyor) and bounce back causing the fibres to entangle.

  6. Fluorine compounds - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine_compounds

    The bond energy is significantly weaker than those of Cl 2 or Br 2 molecules and similar to the easily cleaved oxygen–oxygen bonds of peroxides or nitrogen–nitrogen bonds of hydrazines. [8] The covalent radius of fluorine of about 71 picometers found in F 2 molecules is significantly larger than that in other compounds because of this weak ...

  7. Phases of ice - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phases_of_ice

    Water molecules in ice I h are surrounded by four semi-randomly directed hydrogen bonds. Such arrangements should change to the more ordered arrangement of hydrogen bonds found in ice XI at low temperatures, so long as localized proton hopping is sufficiently enabled; a process that becomes easier with increasing pressure. [105]

  8. Hydrogen bond - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_bond

    An ubiquitous example of a hydrogen bond is found between water molecules. In a discrete water molecule, there are two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. The simplest case is a pair of water molecules with one hydrogen bond between them, which is called the water dimer and is often used as a model system. When more molecules are present, as is ...

  9. Fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorine

    Hydrogen and fluorine combine to yield hydrogen fluoride, in which discrete molecules form clusters by hydrogen bonding, resembling water more than hydrogen chloride. [ 126 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] It boils at a much higher temperature than heavier hydrogen halides and unlike them is miscible with water. [ 129 ]