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The ABO blood group system is the best known surface antigen system, expressed on a wide variety of human cells. For Caucasian populations about one fifth of all pregnancies have ABO incompatibility between the fetus and the mother, but only a very small minority develop symptomatic ABO HDN. [1]
This is known as ABO-incompatible (ABOi) transplantation. During the initial study period of 1996–2001, allowing for ABOi heart transplantation reduced infant mortality from 58% to 7%. [ 4 ] Graft survival and patient mortality is approximately the same between ABOi and ABOc recipients.
Blood compatibility testing is routinely performed before a blood transfusion.The full compatibility testing process involves ABO and RhD (Rh factor) typing; screening for antibodies against other blood group systems; and crossmatching, which involves testing the recipient's blood plasma against the donor's red blood cells as a final check for incompatibility.
HDN is classified by the type of antigens involved. The main types are ABO HDN, Rhesus HDN, Kell HDN, and other antibodies. Combinations of antibodies (for example, anti-Rhc and anti-RhE occurring together) can be especially severe. [citation needed] ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn can range from mild to severe, but generally, it is a mild ...
AHTRs occur within 24 hours of the transfusion and can be triggered by a few milliliters of blood. The reaction is triggered by host antibodies destroying donor red blood cells. AHTR typically occurs when there is an ABO blood group incompatibility, and is most severe when type A donor blood is given to a type O recipient. [1] [2] [3]
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDN) is a condition where the passage of maternal antibodies results in the hemolysis of fetal/neonatal red cells. The antibodies can be naturally occurring such as anti-A, and anti-B, or immune antibodies developed following a sensitizing event. [ 11 ]
Rh D hemolytic disease of the newborn (also known as Rh disease) ABO hemolytic disease of the newborn (the direct Coombs test may only be weakly positive) Anti-Kell hemolytic disease of the newborn; Rh c hemolytic disease of the newborn; Rh E hemolytic disease of the newborn; Other blood group incompatibility (RhC, Rhe, Kidd, Duffy, Lewis, MN ...
However, if the mother and fetus are ABO incompatible, it is more crucial to quickly perform the KB stain following a stillbirth, as the fetal red blood cells will be eliminated from the maternal bloodstream quickly, causing the KB stain to underestimate the degree of FMH, if any. Much concern has been raised in the literature concerning false ...