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In evidence law, physical evidence (also called real evidence or material evidence) is any material object that plays some role in the matter that gave rise to the litigation, introduced as evidence in a judicial proceeding (such as a trial) to prove a fact in issue based on the object's physical characteristics.
For this role, evidence must be public and uncontroversial, like observable physical objects or events and unlike private mental states, so that evidence may foster scientific consensus. The term empirical comes from Greek ἐμπειρία empeiría, i.e. 'experience'. In this context, it is usually understood as what is observable, in ...
Such evidence is expected to be empirical evidence and interpretable in accordance with the scientific method. Standards for scientific evidence vary according to the field of inquiry, but the strength of scientific evidence is generally based on the results of statistical analysis and the strength of scientific controls. [citation needed]
Philosophers of science tend to understand evidence not as mental states but as verifiable information, observable physical objects or events, secured by following the scientific method. In law, evidence is information to establish or refute claims relevant to a case, such as testimony, documentary evidence, and physical evidence. [1]
An original article provides new information from original research supported by evidence. Case reports are unique events [clarification needed] that researchers read to obtain information on the subject. A technical note is a description of a technique or piece of equipment that has been modified from an existing one to be new and more effective.
In the legal sphere, anecdotal evidence, if it passes certain legal requirements and is admitted as testimony, is a common form of evidence used in a court of law. In many cases, anecdotal evidence is the only evidence presented at trial. [30] Scientific evidence in a court of law is called physical evidence, but this is much rarer. Anecdotal ...
Patrik argued that the first three definitions reflected a "physical model" of archaeological evidence, where it is seen as the direct result of physical processes that operated in the past (like the fossil record); in contrast, definitions four and five follow a "textual model", where the archaeological record is seen as encoding cultural ...
[3] [1] By contrast, circumstantial evidence can help prove via inference whether an assertion is true, [4] such as forensics presented by an expert witness. In a criminal case , an eyewitness provides direct evidence of the actus reus if they testify that they witnessed the actual performance of the criminal event under question.