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Testability is a primary aspect of science [1] and the scientific method.There are two components to testability: Falsifiability or defeasibility, which means that counterexamples to the hypothesis are logically possible.
[88] (opposite of appeal to tradition) Appeal to poverty (argumentum ad Lazarum) – supporting a conclusion because the arguer is poor (or refuting because the arguer is wealthy). (Opposite of appeal to wealth.) [89] Appeal to tradition (argumentum ad antiquitatem) – a conclusion supported solely because it has long been held to be true. [90]
List items should be formatted consistently in a list. Unless there is a good reason to use different list types in the same page, consistency throughout an article is also desirable. Use sentence case by default for list items, whether they are complete sentences or not. Sentence case is used for around 99% of lists on Wikipedia.
Experimental research has the Duhem problem and other problems, such as the problem of induction, [I] but, according to Popper, statistical tests, which are only possible when a theory is falsifiable, can still be useful within a critical discussion.
Positionality statements have also attracted controversy, being alternatively labeled by detractors as "research segregation", "positional piety", and "loyalty oaths". [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] According to critics, an author may claim moral authority through affinity with subjects, or through a confession of difference of relative privilege.
Falsification is manipulating research materials, equipment, or processes or changing or omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately represented in the research record. Plagiarism is the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit. One form is the appropriation of ...
A faulty generalization often follows the following format: The proportion Q of the sample has attribute A. Therefore, the proportion Q of the population has attribute A. Such a generalization proceeds from a premise about a sample (often unrepresentative or biased), to a conclusion about the population itself. [3]
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