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Breast development is commonly asymmetric and one or both breasts may be small. This condition may be a congenital defect associated with underlying abnormalities of the pectoral muscle (as in Poland's syndrome [ 2 ] ), related to trauma (typically surgery or radiotherapy ) or it may be a more subjective aesthetic description.
The combined effects of radiation and breast cancer surgery can in particular lead to complications such as breast fibrosis, secondary lymphoedema (which may occur in the arm, the breast or the chest, in particular after axillary lymph node dissection [5] [6]), breast asymmetry, and chronic/recurrent breast cellulitis, each of these having long ...
Atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) is the term used for a benign lesion of the breast that indicates an increased risk of breast cancer. [1]The name of the entity is descriptive of the lesion; ADH is characterized by cellular proliferation (hyperplasia) within one or two breast ducts and (histomorphologic) architectural abnormalities, i.e. the cells are arranged in an abnormal or atypical way ...
Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue. [62] Signs of breast cancer may include a lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, milk rejection , fluid coming from the nipple , a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin. [ 63 ]
The basal-like carcinoma is a recently proposed subtype of breast cancer defined by its gene expression and protein expression profile. [1]Breast cancer can be divided into five molecular subtypes, including luminal subtype A, luminal subtype B, normal breast-like subtype, HER-2 overexpression subtype, and basal-like subtype. [2]
About 20–30% of those who do not receive treatment develop breast cancer. [10] [11] DCIS is the most common type of pre-cancer in women. There is some disagreement on its status as cancer; some bodies include DCIS when calculating breast cancer statistics, while others do not. [12] [13]
The estrogen and progesterone receptors and HER2/neu protein, when expressed by breast cancer tumor cells, are therapeutic targets for treating various forms of breast cancer including ICCB. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] ICCB tumors also typically have cells that express cytokeratin proteins but not myoepithelial marker proteins such as tumor protein 63 ...
Anisomastia is a medical condition in which there is a severe asymmetry or unequalness in the size of the breasts, generally related to a difference in volume. [1] In other words, when one of the breasts is much larger than the other. [2] In contrast to anisomastia, a slight asymmetry of the breasts is common. [1]
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