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  2. Electrophile - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophile

    For example, the reaction of HCl with ethylene furnishes chloroethane. The reaction proceeds with a cation intermediate, being different from the above halogen addition. An example is shown below: Proton (H +) adds (by working as an electrophile) to one of the carbon atoms on the alkene to form cation 1.

  3. Electrophilic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_substitution

    This reaction is similar to nucleophilic aliphatic substitution where the reactant is a nucleophile rather than an electrophile. The four possible electrophilic aliphatic substitution reaction mechanisms are S E 1, S E 2(front), S E 2(back) and S E i (Substitution Electrophilic), which are also similar to the nucleophile counterparts S N 1 and ...

  4. Synthesis of nucleosides - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesis_of_nucleosides

    Synthesis of nucleosides involves the coupling of a nucleophilic, heterocyclic base with an electrophilic sugar. The silyl-Hilbert-Johnson (or Vorbrüggen) reaction, which employs silylated heterocyclic bases and electrophilic sugar derivatives in the presence of a Lewis acid, is the most common method for forming nucleosides in this manner.

  5. Electrophilic aromatic substitution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_aromatic...

    The overall reaction mechanism, denoted by the Hughes–Ingold mechanistic symbol S E Ar, [3] begins with the aromatic ring attacking the electrophile E + (2a). This step leads to the formation of a positively charged and delocalized cyclohexadienyl cation, also known as an arenium ion, Wheland intermediate, or arene σ-complex (2b).

  6. Transesterification - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transesterification

    Strong acids catalyze the reaction by donating a proton to the carbonyl group, thus making it a more potent electrophile. Bases catalyze the reaction by removing a proton from the alcohol, thus making it more nucleophilic. The reaction can also be accomplished with the help of enzymes, particularly lipases (one example is the lipase E.C.3.1.1.3 ...

  7. Electrophilic amination - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_amination

    A nitrogen bound to both a good electrofuge and a good nucleofuge is known as a nitrenoid (for its resemblance to a nitrene). [2] Nitrenes lack a full octet of electrons are thus highly electrophilic; nitrenoids exhibit analogous behavior and are often good substrates for electrophilic amination reactions.

  8. Electrophilic addition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_addition

    In organic chemistry, an electrophilic addition (A E) reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound containing a double or triple bond has a π bond broken, with the formation of two new σ bonds. [1] The driving force for this reaction is the formation of an electrophile X + that forms a covalent bond with an electron-rich ...

  9. Electrophilic halogenation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophilic_halogenation

    The reaction mechanism for chlorination of benzene is the same as bromination of benzene. Iron(III) bromide and iron(III) chloride become inactivated if they react with water, including moisture in the air. Therefore, they are generated by adding iron filings to bromine or chlorine. Here is the mechanism of this reaction: