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Sodium hydroxide, also known as lye and caustic soda, [1] [2] is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. It is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na + and hydroxide anions OH −. Sodium hydroxide is a highly corrosive base and alkali that decomposes lipids and proteins at ambient temperatures and may cause severe ...
The following chart shows the solubility of various ionic compounds in water at 1 atm pressure and room temperature (approx. 25 °C, 298.15 K). "Soluble" means the ionic compound doesn't precipitate, while "slightly soluble" and "insoluble" mean that a solid will precipitate; "slightly soluble" compounds like calcium sulfate may require heat to precipitate.
M is the Madelung constant, relating to the geometry of the crystal; z + is the charge number of the cation; z − is the charge number of the anion; e is the elementary charge, equal to 1.6022 × 10 −19 C; ε 0 is the permittivity of free space, equal to 8.854 × 10 −12 C 2 J −1 m −1; r 0 is the nearest-neighbor distance between ions; and
Effective concentration (activity) 1 mol/L for each aqueous or amalgamated (mercury-alloyed) species; Unit activity for each solvent and pure solid or liquid species; and Absolute partial pressure 101.325 kPa (1.00000 atm; 1.01325 bar) for each gaseous reagent — the convention in most literature data but not the current standard state (100 kPa).
This arrangement reflects the ion's charge density and size, leading to strong ion-dipole interactions with water molecules. In contrast, chloride ions generally have a hydration number closer to 6 due to their larger ionic radius and more distributed charge, which allows them to stabilize a larger number of water molecules in their hydration ...
Substance Formula 0 °C 10 °C 20 °C 30 °C 40 °C 50 °C 60 °C 70 °C 80 °C 90 °C 100 °C Barium acetate: Ba(C 2 H 3 O 2) 2: 58.8: 62: 72: 75: 78.5: 77: 75
The hydroxide ion by itself is not a strong enough base, but it can be converted in one by adding sodium hydroxide to ethanol. OH − + EtOH ⇌ EtO − + H 2 O. to produce the ethoxide ion. The pK a for self-dissociation of ethanol is about 16, so the alkoxide ion is a strong enough base. [49]
The SI unit of molar conductivity is siemens metres squared per mole (S m 2 mol −1). [2] However, values are often quoted in S cm 2 mol −1 . [ 4 ] In these last units, the value of Λ m may be understood as the conductance of a volume of solution between parallel plate electrodes one centimeter apart and of sufficient area so that the ...