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Diagram showing the alternation of generations between a diploid sporophyte (bottom) and a haploid gametophyte (top) A sporophyte (/ ˈ s p ɔːr. ə ˌ f aɪ t /) is the diploid multicellular stage in the life cycle of a plant or alga which produces asexual spores. This stage alternates with a multicellular haploid gametophyte phase.
During gametophyte development, endosporic gametophytes are dependent on their sporophyte parent. The development of the gametophyte within the spore wall directly reduces the environmental impacts on the gametophytic gene expression resulting in higher genetic variation and rates of diversification. [1] [5]
The resulting multicellular diploid sporophyte produces spore capsules called sporangia. The spores are produced by meiosis , and when ripe, the capsules burst open to release the spores. In some species each gametophyte is one sex while other species may be monoicous , producing both antheridia and archegonia on the same gametophyte which is ...
In Common Smoothcap moss (Atrichum undulatum), the vibration of sporophyte has been shown to be an important mechanism for spore release. [15] In the case of spore-shedding vascular plants such as ferns, wind distribution of very light spores provides great capacity for dispersal. Also, spores are less subject to animal predation than seeds ...
Sori occur on the sporophyte generation, the sporangia within producing haploid meiospores. As the sporangia mature, the indusium shrivels so that spore release is unimpeded. The sporangia then burst and release the spores.
In bryophytes, the calyptra (plural calyptrae) is an enlarged archegonial venter that protects the capsule containing the embryonic sporophyte. [6] The calyptra is usually lost before the spores are released from the capsule. The shape of the calyptra can be used for identification purposes. [7]
In seedless vascular plants such as ferns and lycopodiophyta, the term "sporeling" refers to the young sporophyte growing on the gametophyte. These sporelings develop via an embryo stage from a fertilized egg inside an archegonium and depend on the gametophyte for their early stages of growth before becoming independent sporophytes.
Modern heterosporous plants such as many ferns exhibit endospory, in which a megagametophyte is fertilized by a microgametophyte all while still inside the spore wall, gaining nutrients from the inside of spore. [6] Both heterospory and endospory seem to be one of the many precursors to seed plants and the ovary.
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