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The villanelle consists of five stanzas of three lines followed by a single stanza of four lines (a quatrain) for a total of nineteen lines. [8] It is structured by two repeating rhymes and two refrains: the first line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the second and fourth stanzas, and the third line of the first stanza serves as the last line of the third and fifth stanzas.
These poems were often of a rustic or pastoral subject matter and contained refrains. [5] [6] Prior to the nineteenth century, the term would have simply meant country song, with no particular form implied—a meaning it retains in the vocabulary of early music. [7]
A refrain (from Vulgar Latin refringere, "to repeat", and later from Old French refraindre) is the line or lines that are repeated in music or in poetry—the "chorus" of a song. Poetic fixed forms that feature refrains include the villanelle, the virelay, and the sestina.
Another ballad-like feature is the use of stanzas and refrains, distinguished both typographically and by the triple end rhymes of the refrains. The poem's ending closely echoes its beginning, again in the circular manner of a traditional ballad, making it convenient to memorise, to recite, and to sing. [9]
Love refrains deal with various aspects of amorous relationships, wisdom refrains deal with (other) serious subjects, often of a religious nature while crazy refrains are comical and often reflect the era's crass humor. Anna Bijns covered all three themes in her refrains. [2] As a poetry form, the "refrain" was derived from the French ballad.
The rhythm is suggestive of the foot falls of a galloping horse. Noyes frequently uses alliteration, such as the phrase "ghostly galleon", and also uses refrains in each stanza. The genre of this poem seems to be a romance, but like Romeo and Juliet, the poem is a tragedy in the end. This poem can also be called a ballad. [citation needed]
The Convergence of the Twain (Lines on the loss of the Titanic)" is a poem by Thomas Hardy, published in 1912. The poem describes the sinking and wreckage of the ocean liner RMS Titanic. "Convergence" is written in tercets and consists of eleven stanzas (I to XI), following the AAA rhyme pattern. [1] [2] [3] [4]
Sang Sinxay, the most famous epic poem of Laos, was written around mid sixteenth century. [6] Franciade (French) by Pierre de Ronsard (1540s–1572) Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões (c. 1572) [7] L'Amadigi by Bernardo Tasso (1560) La Araucana by Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (1569–1589) La Gerusalemme liberata by Torquato Tasso (1575)