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A seizure is a paroxysmal episode of symptoms or altered behavior arising from abnormal excessive or synchronous brain neuronal activity. [5] A focal onset seizure arises from a biological neural network within one cerebral hemisphere, while a generalized onset seizure arises from within the cerebral hemispheres rapidly involving both hemispheres.
Focal seizures (also called partial seizures [1] and localized seizures) are seizures that affect initially only one hemisphere of the brain. [2] [3] The brain is divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four lobes – the frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. A focal seizure is generated in and affects just one part of the ...
Breakthrough seizures are more likely with a number of triggers. [54]: 57 Often when a breakthrough seizure occurs in a person whose seizures have always been well controlled, there is a new underlying cause to the seizure. [55] Breakthrough seizures vary. Studies have shown the rates of breakthrough seizures ranging from 11 to 37%. [56]
Systemic infection with high fever is a common cause of seizures, especially in children. [3] [25] These are called febrile seizures and occur in 2–5% of children between the ages of six months and five years. [26] [25] Acute infection of the brain, such as encephalitis or meningitis are also causes of seizures. [3]
The seizures can be of the tonic–clonic type, with a regular pattern of contraction and extension of the arms and legs, or of types that do not involve contractions, such as absence seizures or complex partial seizures. [1] Status epilepticus is a life-threatening medical emergency, particularly if treatment is delayed. [1]
Young adults, who are at the highest risk for head injury, also have the highest rate of PTE, [8] which is the largest cause of new-onset epilepsy cases in young people. [39] Children have a lower risk for developing epilepsy; 10% of children with severe TBI and 16–20% of similarly injured adults develop PTE. [ 22 ]
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Seizures may require antiseizure medication treatment, but sometimes are infrequent enough to allow physicians to defer treatment. [6] ii. Self-limitied epilepsy with autonomic seizures (SeLEAS) SeLEAS (formerly known as benign occipital epilepsy of childhood or Panayiotopoulos syndrome) is a focal epilepsy of unknown cause that most commonly ...
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