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Gynodioecy / ˌ dʒ ɪ n oʊ d aɪ ˈ iː s i / is a rare breeding system that is found in certain flowering plant species in which female and hermaphroditic plants coexist within a population. Gynodioecy is the evolutionary intermediate between hermaphroditism (exhibiting both female and male parts) and dioecy (having two distinct morphs: male ...
In gynomonoecious species, the plants produce hermaphrodite flowers and separate male-sterile pistillate flowers. [36] One example is the meadow saxifrage, Saxifraga granulata. [39] Charles Darwin gave several other examples in his 1877 book "The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species". [40]
It is present in both plants and animals but is always extremely rare. [35] Trioecy occurs in about 3.6% of flowering plants. [36] Trioecy may infrequently be referred to as tridioecy. [37] Trimonoecy (also called androgynomonoecy) is when male, female, and hermaphrodite flowers are present on the same plant. [27] [38] Triomonoecy is rare. [39]
Gonochorism has evolved independently multiple times. [8] It is very evolutionarily stable in animals. [9] Its stability and advantages have received little attention. [10]: 46 Gonochorism owes its origin to the evolution of anisogamy, [11] but it is unclear if the evolution of anisogamy first led to hermaphroditism or gonochorism.
Cytoplasmic male sterility is total or partial male sterility in hermaphrodite organisms, as the result of specific nuclear and mitochondrial interactions. [1] Male sterility is the failure to produce functional anthers, pollen, or male gametes. Such male sterility in hermaphrodite populations leads to gynodioecious populations (populations ...
In most plant species, an individual has both male and female sex organs (a hermaphrodite). [24] The life cycle of land plants involves alternation of generations between a sporophyte and a haploid gametophyte. [25] The gametophyte produces sperm or egg cells by mitosis. The sporophyte produces spores by meiosis, which in turn develop into ...
The majority of plants are bisexual, [32]: 212 either hermaphrodite (with both stamens and pistil in the same flower) or monoecious. [33] [34] In dioecious species male and female sexes are on separate plants. [35] About 5% of flowering plants are dioecious, resulting from as many as 5000 independent origins. [36]
Trioecy is a relatively common sexual system in plants, [12] estimated to occur in about 3.6% of flowering plant species, [10] although most reports of trioecy could be misinterpretations of gynodioecy. [13] It is rare as well as poorly understood in animals. [12]